彩色人工金刚石研究现状及应用前景

doi:10.16553/j.cnki.issn1000-985x.2026.0005

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 彩色人工金刚石因绚丽多变的颜色、卓越的物理化学性能、优异的光学特性及可控的制备成本，在高端饰品、精密光学器件、量子科技和超宽禁带半导体等领域展现出巨大应用潜力。通过先进的制备技术，彩色人工金刚石被赋予丰富色彩，其呈色原理与天然钻石有本质区别，核心在于对晶体中缺陷的精准设计与调控。这种缺陷调控不仅实现了金刚石颜色的多样呈现，更将彩色金刚石的应用从传统的珠宝首饰领域，拓展至一系列前沿高科技领域。本文系统综述了彩色人工金刚石的致色原理、制备技术及应用研究现状，分析了特定颜色金刚石制备的技术路径和掺杂机制，探讨了其在珠宝市场的发展态势，同时深入研究了彩色金刚石在量子传感、超宽禁带半导体、电化学等前沿领域的应用现状与未来发展前景。

关键词: 彩色人工金刚石; 呈色机制; 颜色; 杂质掺杂; 色心; 量子科技

Abstract: Colored artificial diamonds exhibit significant application potential in high-end jewelry，precision optical devices，quantum technology and ultra-wide bandgap semiconductors，owing to their vibrant and tunable colors，excellent physical and chemical properties，outstanding optical performance and controllable production costs. Through advanced synthesis techniques，these diamonds are imbued with rich colors based on a coloring mechanism fundamentally distinct from that of natural diamonds，with the core principle lying in the precise design and control of defects within the crystal lattice. Such defect engineering not only enables the diverse manifestation of diamond colors，but also expands the application scope of colored diamonds from the traditional jewelry sector to a series of cutting-edge high-tech fields. This paper provides a systematic review of the coloration principles，preparation methods and current research status of colored synthetic diamonds. It analyzes the technical pathways and doping mechanisms for producing diamonds of specific colors，examines their market development trends in jewelry，and analyses the current applications and future prospects in frontier areas such as quantum sensing，ultra-wide bandgap semiconductors and electrochemistry.

Key words: colored artificial diamond; coloring mechanism; color; impurity doping; color center; quantum science and technology

中图分类号:

居一方, 夏佳琪, 张虹, 张书隆, 杭寅. 彩色人工金刚石研究现状及应用前景[J]. 人工晶体学报, 2026, 55(6): 817-829.

JU Yifang, XIA Jiaqi, ZHANG Hong, ZHANG Shulong, HANG Yin. Research Status and Application Prospects and of Colored Artificial Diamonds[J]. Journal of Synthetic Crystals, 2026, 55(6): 817-829.

图/表 11

图1 黄色含氮金刚石（a）和蓝色硼掺杂金刚石（b）的能带图［17］

Fig.1 Band diagrams of yellow nitrogen-containing diamond （a） and blue boron doped diamond （b）［17］

图2 将金刚石放置于特制的辐照载具中，实现部分区域辐照，制备渐变蓝色金刚石示意图［23］

Fig.2 Schematic diagram of preparing gradient blue diamond by placing diamond in a specially designed irradiation carrier and achieving partial irradiation in certain areas［23］

图3 （a）NV色心结构示意图；（b）NV色心荧光光谱［26］

Fig.3 （a） Schematic diagram of NV color center structure；（b） NV color center fluorescence spectrum［26］

图4 天然金刚石中H3和H4中心的吸收光谱［17］

Fig.4 Absorption spectra of H3 and H4 centers in natural diamond［17］

图5 （a）用聚焦的TEM电子束照射N掺杂的CVD生长金刚石，以形成局部空位，NV中心在后续退火后形成；（b）金刚石TEM照射区域表面的共聚焦光致发光图像［45］

Fig.5 （a） N-doped CVD grown diamond is irradiated with a focused TEM electron beam to form local vacancies，the NV center is formed after subsequent annealing；（b） confocal photoluminescence image of the surface of diamond TEM irradiated area［45］

图6 美国宝石研究院彩钻颜色参考图表［51-52］

Fig.6 Gemological Institute of America color reference chart for colored diamonds［51-52］

图7 （a）磁场成像实验示意图；（b）附着在AFM尖端的金刚石纳米晶体的光学图像（从底部观察）［56］

Fig.7 （a） Schematic diagram of magnetic field imaging experiment；（b） optical image of diamond nanocrystals attached to the AFM tip （viewed from the bottom）［56］

图8 （a）与动作电位从左向右传播相关的双极方位磁场的示意图；（b）定制显微镜允许同时对标本进行磁感应和常规成像；（c）NV金刚石传感器和试样的俯视图、侧视图和轴向视图［57］

Fig.8 （a） Schematic diagram of the bipolar directional magnetic field related to the propagation of action potential from left to right；（b） customized microscopes allow for simultaneous magnetic induction and conventional imaging of specimens；（c） top view，side view and axial view of NV diamond sensor and sample［57］

图9 贝尔测试原理图和实验实现［63］

Fig.9 Bell test schematic and experimental implementation［63］

图10 硼掺杂金刚石MOSFET的电学性能［72］

Fig.10 Electrical properties of boron-doped diamond MOSFET［72］

图11 多孔掺硼金刚石用于环境有机污染物电催化示意图［80］

Fig.11 Schematic diagram of porous boron doped diamond for electrocatalysis of environmental organic pollutants［80］

参考文献 81

[1]	ZHENG Y T， LI C M， LIU J L， et al. Chemical vapor deposited diamond with versatile grades： from gemstone to quantum electronics［J］. Frontiers of Materials Science， 2022， 16（1）： 220590.
[2]	GRAEBNER J E， JIN S， KAMMLOTT G W， et al. Unusually high thermal conductivity in diamond films［J］. Applied Physics Letters， 1992， 60（13）： 1576-1578.
[3]	ARNAULT J C， SAADA S， RALCHENKO V. Chemical vapor deposition single-crystal diamond： a review［J］. Physica Status Solidi （RRL）-Rapid Research Letters， 2022， 16（1）： 2100354.
[4]	ZHANG S L， YE Z H， ZHU Y， et al. Enhanced optical properties of CVD diamond through HPHT annealing［J］. Crystal Growth & Design， 2024， 24（16）： 6701-6709.
[5]	VÁZQUEZ-CORTÉS D， JANSSENS S D， FRIED E. Controlling the morphology of polycrystalline diamond films via seed density： influence on grain size and film texture［J］. Carbon， 2024， 228： 119298.
[6]	韩冬，亓炜，胡志鲲，等. 2024年全球天然钻石市场发展现状与展望［J］. 宝石和宝石学杂志（中英文）， 2025， 27（4）： 127-135.
	HAN D， QI W， HU Z K， et al. Current status and future prospects of global natural diamond industry in 2024［J］. Journal of Gems & Gemmology， 2025， 27（4）： 127-135 （in Chinese）.
[7]	The Fancy Color Research Foundation. Fancy color diamonds market review［EB/OL］. （2024-02-05）［2026-01-02］. https://www.fcresearch.org/press-releases/.
[8]	BURNS R C， CHUMAKOV A I， CONNELL S H， et al. HPHT growth and X-ray characterization of high-quality type Ⅱa diamond［J］. Journal of Physics： Condensed Matter， 2009， 21（36）： 364224.
[9]	D’HAENANS-JOHANSSON U F S， KATRUSHA A， MOE K S， et al. Large colorless HPHT-grown synthetic gem diamonds from new diamond technology， Russia［J］. Gems & Gemology， 2015： 260-279.
[10]	REN Y， LI X G， LV W， et al. Recent progress in homoepitaxial single-crystal diamond growth via MPCVD［J］. Journal of Materials Science： Materials in Electronics， 2024， 35（7）： 525.
[11]	SMITH C P， BOSSHART G， PONAHLO J， et al. GE POL diamonds： before and after［J］. Gems & Gemology， 2000， 36（3）： 192-215.
[12]	苑执中，彭明生，杨志军. 高压高温处理改色的黄绿色金刚石［J］. 宝石和宝石学杂志， 2000， 2（2）： 29-30+35-66.
	YUAN Z Z， PENG M S， YANG Z J. Colour-treated yellowish-green diamond under high pressure and temperature［J］. Journal of Gems & Gemmology， 2000， 2（2）： 29-30+35-66 （in Chinese）.
[13]	宋中华，沈美冬，陆太进. 化学气相沉积法（CVD）合成钻石光谱特征［C］. 2013年中国珠宝首饰学术交流会论文集，国家珠宝玉石质量监督检验中心， 2013： 32-36.
	SONG Z H， SHEN M D， LU T J. Optical properties of chemical vapor deposition （CVD） synthetic diamonds［C］. Proceedings of the 2013 China jewelry academic exchange conference， National gemstone testing center， 2013： 32-36 （in Chinese）.
[14]	HAINSCHWANG T， FRITSCH E， NOTARI F， et al. The origin of color in natural C center bearing diamonds［J］. Diamond and Related Materials， 2013， 39： 27-40.
[15]	GAO Y F， LAI J M， LI Z Y， et al. Local laser heating effects in diamond probed by photoluminescence of SiV-centers at low temperatures［J］. Applied Physics Letters， 2024， 124（9）： 091101.
[16]	TAN X， MENG D C， WANG J， et al. Investigation of the influence of different surface terminations on diamond TiV color centers［J］. Diamond and Related Materials， 2025， 158： 112598.
[17]	殷小玲. 金刚石颜色成因探讨［J］. 超硬材料工程， 2007， 19（2）： 53-56.
	YIN X L. Genesis of diamond coloration［J］. Superhard Material Engineering， 2007， 19（2）： 53-56 （in Chinese）.
[18]	ZAITSEV A M， KAZUCHITS N M， KAZUCHITS V N， et al. Nitrogen-doped CVD diamond： nitrogen concentration， color and internal stress［J］. Diamond and Related Materials， 2020， 105： 107794.
[19]	TENG Y， ZHAO W K， TANG K， et al. High efficiency of boron doping and fast growth realized with a novel gas inlet structure in diamond microwave plasma chemical vapor deposition system［J］. Carbon Letters， 2024， 34（4）： 1115-1128.
[20]	TERAJI T， ISOYA J， WATANABE K， et al. Homoepitaxial diamond chemical vapor deposition for ultra-light doping［J］. Materials Science in Semiconductor Processing， 2017， 70： 197-202.
[21]	YAP C M， ANSARI K， XIAO S， et al. Properties of near-colourless lightly boron doped CVD diamond［J］. Diamond and Related Materials， 2018， 88： 118-122.
[22]	ZHANG R J， LEE S T， LAM Y W. Characterization of heavily boron-doped diamond films［J］. Diamond and Related Materials， 1996， 5（11）： 1288-1294.
[23]	哈尔滨工业大学，哈工大郑州研究院，河南碳真芯材科技有限公司. 一种基于铅制电子辐照载体制备CVD蓝色渐变金刚石的方法：CN119900077A［P］. 2025-04-29.
	Harbin Institute of Technology， Harbin Institute of Technology Zhengzhou Research Institute， Henan Carbon True Material Technology Co.，Ltd. A method for preparing CVD blue gradient diamond using lead-based electron irradiation carrier：CN119900077A［P］. 2025-04-29 （in Chinese）.
[24]	蒙宇飞，彭明生，陈文旋. 彩色金刚石中过渡金属离子的谱学研究［J］. 光谱学与光谱分析， 2004， 24（7）： 769-774.
	MENG Y F， PENG M S， CHEN W X. Spectroscopic studies on transition metal ions in colored diamonds［J］. Spectroscopy and Spectral Analysis， 2004， 24（7）： 769-774 （in Chinese）.
[25]	HU M H， BI N， LI S S， et al. Synthesis and characterization of boron and nitrogen co-doped diamond crystals under high pressure and high temperature conditions［J］. CrystEngComm， 2017， 19（31）： 4571-4575.
[26]	王　宇. 金刚石中高浓度NV色心的制备和光谱表征［D］. 上海：华东师范大学， 2018.
	WANG Y. Preparation and spectral characterization of high concentration NV color centers in diamond［D］. Shanghai： East China Normal University， 2018 （in Chinese）.
[27]	JELEZKO F， POPA I， GRUBER A， et al. Single spin states in a defect center resolved by optical spectroscopy［J］. Applied Physics Letters， 2002， 81（12）： 2160-2162.
[28]	LI Y Y， LI H， YI T， et al. A review of the study of diamond NV color centers： fabrication， application and challenge［J］. Functional Diamond， 2025， 5（1）： 2567286.
[29]	IAKOUBOVSKII K， ADRIAENSSENS G J， DOGADKIN N N， et al. Optical characterization of some irradiation-induced centers in diamond［J］. Diamond and Related Materials， 2001， 10（1）： 18-26.
[30]	DAVIES G. Optical properties of electron-irradiated type Ⅰa diamond［J］. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series A， Mathematical and Physical Sciences， 1974， 336（1607）： 507-523.
[31]	CHEN C K， JIANG B， HU X J. Research progress on silicon vacancy color centers in diamond［J］. Functional Diamond， 2024， 4（1）： 2332346.
[32]	WU Y Q， WANG K Y， WEI X， et al. Photoluminescence studies of optical centers generated by the B ion irradiation in Ⅰb diamond［J］. Journal of Luminescence， 2022， 243： 118638.
[33]	COLLINS A T， SPEAR P M. Optically active nickel in synthetic diamond［J］. Journal of Physics D： Applied Physics， 1982， 15（12）： L183.
[34]	COLLINS A T. Spectroscopy of defects and transition metals in diamond［J］. Diamond and Related Materials， 2000， 9（3/4/5/6）： 417-423.
[35]	FANG C， ZHANG Y W， ZHANG Z F， et al. Preparation of “natural” diamonds by HPHT annealing of synthetic diamonds［J］. CrystEngComm， 2018， 20（4）： 505-511.
[36]	BUNDY F P， HALL H T， STRONG H M， et al. Man-made diamonds［J］. Nature， 1955， 176（4471）： 51-55.
[37]	胡美华，毕　宁，李尚升，等. 国产六面顶压机多晶种法合成宝石级金刚石单晶［J］. 物理学报， 2013， 62（18）： 188103.
	HU M H， BI N， LI S S， et al. Synthesis of gem diamond crystals by multiseed method using China-type cubic high-pressure apparatus［J］. Acta Physica Sinica， 2013， 62（18）： 188103 （in Chinese）.
[38]	陈光华，张　阳. 金刚石薄膜的制备与应用［M］. 北京：化学工业出版社， 2004
	CHEN G H， ZHANG Y. The development and application of diamond film［M］. Beijing： Chemical Industry Press， 2004 （in Chinese）.
[39]	姜志刚，金曾孙，白亦真，等. 直流热阴级PCVD法制备金刚石膜的研究［J］. 人工晶体学报， 1997， 26（3）： 328.
	JIANG Z G， JIN Z S， BAI Y Z， et al. Study of diamond film deposition with DC hot cathode PCVD method［J］. Journal of Synthetic Crystals， 1997， 26（3）： 328 （in Chinese）.
[40]	MITSUDA Y， KOJIMA Y， YOSHIDA T， et al. The growth of diamond in microwave plasma under low pressure［J］. Journal of Materials Science， 1987， 22（5）： 1557-1562.
[41]	TZENG Y K， ZHANG J L， LU H Y， et al. Vertical-substrate MPCVD epitaxial nanodiamond growth［J］. Nano Letters， 2017， 17（3）： 1489-1495.
[42]	DING M Q， LI L L， FENG J J. A study of high-quality freestanding diamond films grown by MPCVD［J］. Applied Surface Science， 2012， 258（16）： 5987-5991.
[43]	TALLAIRE A， ACHARD J， SILVA F， et al. Oxygen plasma pre-treatments for high quality homoepitaxial CVD diamond deposition［J］. Physica Status Solidi （a）， 2004， 201（11）： 2419-2424.
[44]	ZHANG C， YUAN H， ZHANG N， et al. Dependence of high density nitrogen-vacancy center ensemble coherence on electron irradiation doses and annealing time［J］. Journal of Physics D： Applied Physics， 2017， 50（50）： 505104.
[45]	MCLELLAN C A， MYERS B A， KRAEMER S， et al. Patterned formation of highly coherent nitrogen-vacancy centers using a focused electron irradiation technique［J］. Nano Letters， 2016， 16（4）： 2450-2454.
[46]	HAQUE A， SUMAIYA S. An overview on the formation and processing of nitrogen-vacancy photonic centers in diamond by ion implantation［J］. Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing， 2017， 1（1）： 6.
[47]	中国珠宝玉石首饰行业协会. 2024年中国珠宝行业发展报告［EB/OL］. （2025-03-02）［2026-01-02］. https://jewelleryupload.oss-cn-beijing.aliyuncs.com/temp/202531914153_9664.pdf.
	Gems & Jewelry Trade Association of China. 2024 China jewelry industry development report［EB/OL］. （2025-03-02）［2026-01-02］. https://jewelleryupload.oss-cn-beijing.aliyuncs.com/temp/202531914153_9664.pdf.（in Chinese）.
[48]	JUYAL V. Global lab-grown diamond market size， share and trends analysis report-industry overview and forecast to 2033［EB/OL］. （2024-11-28）［2026-01-02］. https://www.databridgemarketresearch.com/reports/global-lab-grown-diamond-market#.
[49]	AnalyticaAstute. Global lab grown diamond market： by manufacturing method （HPHT， chemical vapor deposition （CVD）； size （<0.10 Carats， 0.25-2.5 Carats， >5-10 Carats）； nature （colorless， colored）； application （fashion， industrial）； and by region-market size， dynamicsindustry， opportunity analysis and forecast for 2024-2032［EB/OL］. （2024-08-13）［2026-01-02］. https://www.astuteanalytica.com/industry-report/lab-grown-diamond-market.
[50]	中国机床工具工业协会超硬材料分会. 培育钻石产业发展白皮书（2024）［R］. 中国机床工具工业协会超硬材料分会，河南省超硬材料协会：郑州， 2024.
	Superhard Material （Industrial Diamond） Association of China. White paper on cultivating the development of diamond industry （2024）［R］. China Machine Tool Industry Association Superhard Materials Branch， Henan Superhard Materials Association： Zhengzhou， 2024 （in Chinese）.
[51]	The Fancy Color Research Foundation. A series of reports uncovering the trends， origins and unique impacts of the ultimate natural gemstone［EB/OL］.（2025-07-09）［2026-01-02］. https://www.sgpjbg.com.cn/baogao/724860.html.
[52]	EATON-MAGANA S， ARDON T， SMIT K V， et al. Natural-color pink， purple， red， and brown diamonds： band of many colors［J］. Gems & Gemology， 2018， 54（4）： 352-377.
[53]	PEZZAGNA S， MEIJER J. Quantum computer based on color centers in diamond［J］. Applied Physics Reviews， 2021， 8： 011308.
[54]	JU Z P， LIN J J， SHEN S， et al. Preparations and applications of single color centers in diamond［J］. Advances in Physics： X， 2021， 6（1）： 1858721.
[55]	BÉZARD M， BABAZE A， MINDARAVA Y， et al. Giant quantum electrodynamic effects on single SiV color centers in nanosized diamonds［J］. ACS Nano， 2024， 18（8）： 6406-6412.
[56]	BALASUBRAMANIAN G， CHAN I Y， KOLESOV R， et al. Nanoscale imaging magnetometry with diamond spins under ambient conditions［J］. Nature， 2008， 455（7213）： 648-651.
[57]	BARRY J F， TURNER M J， SCHLOSS J M， et al. Optical magnetic detection of single-neuron action potentials using quantum defects in diamond［J］. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America， 2016， 113（49）： 14133-14138.
[58]	MOREVA E， TRAINA P， TENGATTINI A， et al. Quantum-optical characterization of single-photon emitters created by MeV proton irradiation of HPHT diamond nanocrystals［J］. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B： Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms， 2018， 435： 318-322.
[59]	XIE T Y， ZHAO Z Y， KONG X， et al. Beating the standard quantum limit under ambient conditions with solid-state spins［J］. Science Advances， 2021， 7（32）： eabg9204.
[60]	GAO Y， ZENG Y， CUI M M， et al. Diamond NV centers based quantum sensor using a VCO integrated with filtering antenna［J］. IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement， 2022， 71： 2005112.
[61]	ZHOU X， WANG M Q， YE X Y， et al. Entanglement-enhanced nanoscale single-spin sensing［J］. Nature， 2025， 647（8091）： 883-888.
[62]	HAO Y C， YANG Z P， LI Z Y， et al. Coherence enhancement via a diamond-graphene hybrid for nanoscale quantum sensing［J］. National Science Review， 2025， 12（5）： nwaf076.
[63]	HENSEN B， BERNIEN H， DRÉAU A E， et al. Loophole-free Bell inequality violation using electron spins separated by 1.3 kilometres［J］. Nature， 2015， 526（7575）： 682-686.
[64]	RUF M， WAN N H， CHOI H， et al. Quantum networks based on color centers in diamond［J］. Journal of Applied Physics， 2021， 130（7）： 070901.
[65]	PASINI M， CODREANU N， TURAN T， et al. Nonlinear quantum photonics with a tin-vacancy center coupled to a one-dimensional diamond waveguide［J］. Physical Review Letters， 2024， 133（2）： 023603.
[66]	BERNIEN H， SCHWARTZ S， KEESLING A， et al. Probing many-body dynamics on a 51-atom quantum simulator［J］. Nature， 2017， 551（7682）： 579-584.
[67]	MA M Q， WU Y K， LIU Z W， et al. Integrated manipulation and addressing of spin defect in diamond［J］. Nano Letters， 2024， 24（5）： 1660-1666.
[68]	ROUZBAHANI R， POBEDINSKAS P， DONATINI F， et al. Controlled boron content in lightly B-doped single crystal diamond films by variation of methane concentration［J］. Carbon， 2024， 221： 118923.
[69]	ZHANG S L， ZHU Y， HE M Z， et al. Unusual electrochemical properties of boron and silicon co-doped diamond electrodes［J］. Surfaces and Interfaces， 2024， 52： 104986.
[70]	ZHU X H， SHAO S W， CHAN S Y， et al. High performance of normally-on and normally-off devices with highly boron-doped source and drain on H-terminated polycrystalline diamond［J］. Advanced Electronic Materials， 2023， 9（3）： 2201122.
[71]	SALVATORI S， PETTINATO S， GIROLAMI M， et al. Improving the performance of HPHT-diamond detectors for pulsed X-ray dosimetry using the synchronous detection technique［J］. IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices， 2023， 70（5）： 2330-2335.
[72]	LIU J W， TERAJI T， DA B， et al. Electrical property improvement for boron-doped diamond metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors［J］. Applied Physics Letters， 2024， 124（7）： 072103.
[73]	ZUO Y Y， LI C L， LIU B J， et al. Enhancement of open circuit voltage of diamond voltaic battery by surface passivation［J］. IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science， 2025， 72（8）： 2928-2933.
[74]	LI H C， ZHOU K C， CAO J， et al. A novel modification to boron-doped diamond electrode for enhanced， selective detection of dopamine in human serum［J］. Carbon， 2021， 171： 16-28.
[75]	XIA J Q， ZHANG S L， ZHU Y， et al. Impact of tungsten doping on the physicochemical properties of boron-doped diamond electrodes［J］. Surfaces and Interfaces， 2025， 73： 107485.
[76]	YU S Y， LIU S T， JIANG X， et al. Recent advances on electrochemistry of diamond related materials［J］. Carbon， 2022， 200： 517-542.
[77]	HONDA Y， IVANDINI T A， WATANABE T， et al. An electrolyte-free system for ozone generation using heavily boron-doped diamond electrodes［J］. Diamond and Related Materials， 2013， 40： 7-11.
[78]	MA Y B， LIU J S， LI H D. Diamond-based electrochemical aptasensor realizing a femtomolar detection limit of bisphenol A［J］. Biosensors and Bioelectronics， 2017， 92： 21-25.
[79]	WANG J， HE Z B， TAN X L， et al. High-performance 2.6 V aqueous symmetric supercapacitor based on porous boron-doped diamond via regrowth of diamond nanoparticles［J］. Carbon， 2020， 160： 71-79.
[80]	YANG W L， DENG Z J， WANG Y J， et al. Porous boron-doped diamond for efficient electrocatalytic elimination of azo dye Orange G［J］. Separation and Purification Technology， 2022， 293： 121100.
[81]	HE K K， WU M H， SHEN W X， et al. Binder-free high-pressure， high-temperature surface-porous boron-doped polycrystalline diamond for electrochemical degradation of organic pollutants［J］. Diamond and Related Materials， 2025， 159： 112744.