Research Progress on Ferroelectric Crystal Fibers

doi:10.16553/j.cnki.issn1000-985x.2026.0104

Abstract

Abstract: Ferroelectric crystal fibers combine the excellent optical nonlinearity， electro-optic effect， and piezoelectric property of ferroelectric materials with the structural advantages of fiber waveguides， which is a cutting-edge research direction in the field of integrated photonics. In this paper， the preparation techniques， material systems， performance characteristics， and application progress of ferroelectric single-crystal fibers and ferroelectric microcrystalline fibers are systematically reviewed. In terms of preparation techniques， laser-heated pedestal growth （LHPG） and micro-pulling-down （μ-PD） methods can realize the growth of high-quality single-crystal fibers， while in-situ crystallization and low-temperature composition methods provide a general method for large-scale production of microcrystalline composite fibers. Regarding material systems， lithium niobate， lithium tantalate， and relaxor ferroelectric single-crystals represent the mainstream directions for ferroelectric single-crystal fibers. Ferroelectric microcrystalline fibers， on the other hand， embed ferroelectric microcrystals into a glass matrix via in-situ crystallization or low-temperature composition， thereby endowing the fibers with second-order nonlinear optical functionality. In nonlinear optical applications， periodically poled ferroelectric single-crystal fibers can achieve high-efficiency quasi-phase-matching second-harmonic generation. Randomly distributed ferroelectric microcrystalline fibers， benefiting from random quasi-phase-matching mechanisms， exhibit broadband and polarization-robust frequency conversion characteristics. Additionally， ferroelectric crystal fibers also show broad application prospects in nonlinear frequency conversion， electro-optic modulation， energy harvesting， and other fields. Finally， this paper discusses the key scientific issues and challenges in this field and provides an outlook on future development directions.

Key words: ferroelectric crystal fiber; phase matching; second-order nonlinear; electro-optic modulation; energy harvesting

CLC Number:

TN253

SUN Min, MA Tianqi, PANG Yuli, LU Xu, ZHUANG Yongyong, WEI Xiaoyong, XU Zhuo. Research Progress on Ferroelectric Crystal Fibers[J]. Journal of Synthetic Crystals, 2026, 55(8): 1192-1205.

Figures/Tables 8

Fig.1 Classification， preparation methods （including LHPG， μ-PD［17］， in-situ crystallization and low-temperature composition methods［18］， etc.） and main applications （including nonlinear frequency conversion， electro-optic modulation and optical switching［19］， as well as electromechanical coupling and energy harvesting［20］， etc.） of ferroelectric crystal fibers

Fig.2 Ferroelectric single-crystal fibers fabricated using LHPG and μ-PD methods. （a） Micrograph of double-cladding LiNbO3 single-crystal fiber with embedded ITO electrodes［19］；（b） Pr3+ doped LiTaO3 single-crystal fibers and their molten zone under stationary growth process， as well as fiber cross-section of cleaved and polished ends［41］；（c） physical photographs of Er doped LiNbO3 single-crystal fibers with different concentrations［44］；（d） physical photographs of Fe doped LiNbO3 single-crystal fibers fabricated by μ-PD method［45］；（e） view of the solid-liquid interface during growth process［47］

Fig.3 Ferroelectric microcrystalline fibers fabricated by in-situ crystallization method. （a） Optical micrographs of fibers obtained under different heat treatment conditions［61］；（b） schematic diagram of melt-in-tube fiber drawing technique and cross section images， EPMA images of fibers and TEM images of fibers with a heating treatment at 850 ℃ for 5 h［62］

Fig.4 Ferroelectric microcrystalline fibers fabricated by low-temperature composition method. （a） Polarization microscope photographs of molten 10Li2O-10Na2O-80TeO2 glass powders and LiNbO3 crystals and LiNbO3 doped glass fibers obtained by pulling viscous melt using a quartz glass rod［63］；（b） physical photographs of core glass and fiber of PIN-PMN-PT based ferroelectric microcrystalline glass composite fiber［64］；（c） microscopic photos of end and side surfaces of BaTiO3 based ferroelectric nanocrystalline glass composite fiber［65］

Fig.5 Frequency conversion. （a） Spectra of precursor fiber and fiber heat treatment at 850 ℃ for 5 h， inset is image of fiber irradiated using 1 030 nm femtosecond laser［62］；（b） left is emission spectrum compared to pump spectrum， inset shows luminescence of sample after pump treatment， and right is dependence of SHG on pump power， R2=0.998［66］；（c） upper part shows a schematic of operation principle of SHG and SFG from GaSe-integrated microfiber， inset shows energy diagrams of SHG and SFG in fiber device， and below is a log-log plot of SHG intensity proportional to incident power， with a fitting slope of 2.0±0.01［69］；（d） SHG spectra of GC-695 microsphere cavity recorded at pump wavelengths from 900 nm to 1 200 nm at a constant pump power of 500 μW， insets are optical microscope images at different pump wavelengths， scale bar is 10 μm， and upper left inset shows SEM images of microsphere cavity［60］

Fig.6 Electro-optic modulation. （a） Left is schematic diagram of electrode layout in In2O3-SnO electrode-embedded double-cladding LiNbO3 single-crystal fiber， and right is plots of output power versus applied voltage for four different types of samples［19］；（b） left is a schematic diagram of profile structure of LiNbO3 thin-film eletro-optic modulators， and right is normalized optical transmission curve of LiNbO3 thin-film electro-optic modulator versus driving voltage［2］；（c） left is a schematic diagram of cross-sectional of modulator， and right is electrical field of simulation［71］

Fig.7 Energy harvesting. （a） Left is schematic diagram of LiTaO3 fiber on polymer plate with electrical contact point and measurement system used to characterize properties of piezoelectric generator， and right is spectrum at 1 V under compression and stretching［20］；（b） schematic diagram of P（VDF-TrFE） nanofibers for preparation of flexible interdigital electrode type nano sensor， SEM images， and curves showing variation of output signal voltage/current of energy harvesting device versus time［72］；（c） schematic diagram of fabrication steps of Ce-doped BTO nanofiber and flexible device for energy harvesting， and voltage/current curves of device versus time［73］

Table 1 Performance comparison between ferroelectric single-crystal fibers and ferroelectric microcrystalline fibers

性能指标	铁电单晶光纤	铁电微晶光纤
二阶非线性系数（d₃₃，pm/V）	LiNbO₃：~27^［74］	LiNbO₃、LiTaO₃等微晶玻璃：约为单晶的10%~50%^［66］
传输损耗（dB/cm@1 550 nm）	LiNbO₃单晶光纤：损耗~0.89^［19］	Ba₂TiSi₂O₈等微晶玻璃光纤：损耗~1^［62］
制备可扩展性	LHPG法生长单晶纤维^［28］：长度小于10 cm	热拉丝方法可连续制备米级微晶玻璃光纤^［61］
非线性频率转换	周期极化铌酸锂（PPLN）等：内部转换最高效率约40%^［75］	RQPM或转角QPM等：目前最高效率约5%^{［50，59，76］}
电光调制	LiNbO₃单晶光纤：半波电压~6.6 V，有效电光系数~20 pm/V^［19］
压电能量收集	LiNbO₃单晶光纤：压电发电功率~30 μW（1 V偏置电压下）^［39］

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