Journal of Synthetic Crystals ›› 2026, Vol. 55 ›› Issue (9): 1410-1426.DOI: 10.16553/j.cnki.issn1000-985x.2026.0047
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LI Shupeng1,2(
), CHU Zhongqiu1,2, WANG Jialiang1,2, MA Shikun1,2, HE Jiahao3, KANG Hengtao1,2
Received:2026-03-23
Online:2026-09-20
Published:2026-09-29
CLC Number:
LI Shupeng, CHU Zhongqiu, WANG Jialiang, MA Shikun, HE Jiahao, KANG Hengtao. Research Status and Prospects of MAX Phase/MXene Reinforced Ag-Based Electrical Contact Materials[J]. Journal of Synthetic Crystals, 2026, 55(9): 1410-1426.
| Material type | Reinforcement content/% | Hardness/HV | Resistivity/(μΩ·cm) | Density/(g·cm-3) | Voltage rating/V | Current rating/A | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ag/CdO | 10~18 | 60~100 | 2.02~2.30 | 9.9~10.2 | 1 000 | 1 000 | [ |
| Ag/SnO2 | 10~13 | 80~95 | 1.97~2.40 | 9.7~9.9 | 500 | 300 | [ |
| Ag/ZnO | 8~10 | 72~85 | 3.2~3.5 | 9.5~9.8 | 500 | 300 | [ |
| Ag/CuO | 5~15 | 55~60 | 1.9~2.5 | 9.4~10.1 | — | — | [ |
| Ag/Ni | 5~40 | 60~100 | 1.9~2.7 | 9.7~10.9 | 1 000 | 1 000 | [ |
| Ag/C | 3~5 | 42~52 | 1.96~2.21 | 8.6~9.1 | 200 | 1 000 | [ |
| Ag/W | 40~70 | 140~170 | 3.0~3.8 | 11.5~15.1 | 200 | 1 000 | [ |
| Ag/WC | 5~70 | 45~135 | 3.0~3.5 | 9.4~12.7 | 200 | 1 000 | [ |
Table 1 Basic material properties of selected Ag-based electrical contact materials
| Material type | Reinforcement content/% | Hardness/HV | Resistivity/(μΩ·cm) | Density/(g·cm-3) | Voltage rating/V | Current rating/A | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ag/CdO | 10~18 | 60~100 | 2.02~2.30 | 9.9~10.2 | 1 000 | 1 000 | [ |
| Ag/SnO2 | 10~13 | 80~95 | 1.97~2.40 | 9.7~9.9 | 500 | 300 | [ |
| Ag/ZnO | 8~10 | 72~85 | 3.2~3.5 | 9.5~9.8 | 500 | 300 | [ |
| Ag/CuO | 5~15 | 55~60 | 1.9~2.5 | 9.4~10.1 | — | — | [ |
| Ag/Ni | 5~40 | 60~100 | 1.9~2.7 | 9.7~10.9 | 1 000 | 1 000 | [ |
| Ag/C | 3~5 | 42~52 | 1.96~2.21 | 8.6~9.1 | 200 | 1 000 | [ |
| Ag/W | 40~70 | 140~170 | 3.0~3.8 | 11.5~15.1 | 200 | 1 000 | [ |
| Ag/WC | 5~70 | 45~135 | 3.0~3.5 | 9.4~12.7 | 200 | 1 000 | [ |
Fig.1 (a) Positions of the constituent elements of MAX phases and MXenes in the periodic table; (b) crystal structures of Ti2AlC and Ti3AlC2; (c) corresponding MXenes (Ti2C and Ti3C2)
| Technique | Objective | Preparation condition | Arc condition | Relative density/% | Hardness/HV | Tensile strength/MPa | Resistivity/ (μΩ·cm) | Cycling life/cycle | Mass loss/% |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SPS [ | Ag/5%Ti3SiC2 | 850 ℃/20 min/50 MPa | 400 V/100 A/50 Hz | 99.57 | 69.03 | — | 2.27 | 0.476 5 (100 cycles) | |
| Ag/10%Ti3SiC2 | 850 ℃/20 min/50 MPa | 400 V/100 A/50 Hz | 99.89 | 92.17±0.15 | — | 2.18 | 6 106 | 0.536 8 (100 cycles) | |
| Ag/15%Ti3SiC2 | 850 ℃/20 min/50 MPa | 400 V/100 A/50 Hz | 99.51 | 130.97 | — | 4.46 | — | 0.644 3 (100 cycles) | |
| Ag/10%*Nb2AlC | 700 ℃/30 min/30 MPa | 10 kV | 99.2 | 77.4 | — | 7.46 | — | — | |
HP [ | Ag/5%*Ti3AlC2 | 800 ℃/120 min/30 MPa | — | 99.90 | 94.5±0.3 | 220.0±0.7 | 2.90±0.01 | — | — |
| Ag/10%*Ti3AlC2 | 800 ℃/120 min/30 MPa | — | — | 101.5±0.3 | 246.9±0.7 | 4.20±0.02 | — | — | |
| Ag/15%*Ti3AlC2 | 800 ℃/120 min/30 MPa | — | — | 112.0±0.3 | 308.4±0.9 | 5.26±0.03 | — | — | |
| Ag/20%*Ti3AlC2 | 800 ℃/120 min/30 MPa | — | — | 136.3±0.1 | 357.3±1.1 | 7.19±0.04 | — | — | |
| Ag/25%*Ti3AlC2 | 800 ℃/120 min/30 MPa | — | — | 139.7±0.2 | 317.3±0.9 | 9.43±0.03 | — | — | |
| Ag/30%*Ti3AlC2 | 800 ℃/120 min/30 MPa | — | 98.5 | 169.0±0.2 | 235.5±0.7 | 10.87 | — | — | |
| Ag/10%*Ta2AlC | 700 ℃/30 min/30 MPa | 10 kV | 98.2 | — | — | 7.09 | — | — | |
| Ag/20%*Ta2AlC | 700 ℃/30 min/30 MPa | 10 kV | 96.4 | 97.4 | — | 7.69 | — | — | |
| Ag/30%*Ta2AlC | 700 ℃/30 min/30 MPa | 10 kV | 94.5 | — | — | 9.43 | — | — | |
Pressureless sintering [ | Ag/10%Ti3AlC2 | 800 ℃/120 min | 400 V/100 A/50 Hz | 96.3±0.4 | 87.3±3.9 | — | (6.06±0.4) | — | 6.6±0.3 (6 000 cycles) |
| Ag/10%Ti3AlC2 | 700 ℃/120 min | 400 V/100 A/50 Hz | — | 79 | 145.52 | 4.2 | — | 0.82 (3 000 cycles) | |
| Ag/5%Ti3SiC2 | 950 ℃/60 min | 400 V/100 A/50 Hz | 95.82 | 53.02 | — | 2.35 | — | 0.546 0 (100 cycles) | |
| Ag/10%Ti3SiC2 | 800 ℃/120 min | 400 V/100 A/50 Hz | 95.1±0.4 | 73.6±4.9 | — | (2.71±0.4) | — | 3.3±0.2 (6 000 cycles) | |
| Ag/10%Ti3SiC2 | 950 ℃/60 min | 400 V/100 A/50 Hz | 94.97 | 55.63±0.16 | — | 2.76 | 2 917 | 0.593 5 (100 cycles) | |
| Ag/15%Ti3SiC2 | 950 ℃/60 min | 400 V/100 A/50 Hz | 92.67 | 87.70 | — | 5.98 | — | 0.720 3 (100 cycles) | |
| Ag/2%Ti2SnC | 850 ℃/120 min | 24 V/20 A/1 Hz | 96.87 | 50.80 | 161.74 | 2.96 | — | — | |
| Ag/4%Ti2SnC | 850 ℃/120 min | 24 V/20 A/1 Hz | 96.14 | 55.00 | 137.99 | 4.52 | — | — | |
| Ag/6%Ti2SnC | 850 ℃/120 min | 24 V/20 A/1 Hz | 95.40 | 56.91 | 123.31 | 6.15 | — | — | |
| Ag/8%Ti2SnC | 850 ℃/120 min | 24 V/20 A/1 Hz | 95.06 | 62.71 | 107.04 | 7.81 | — | — | |
| Ag/10%Ti2SnC | 800 ℃/120 min | 400 V/100 A/50 Hz | 95.02 | 75.0 | — | 11.83 | — | 4.576 (6 200 cycles) | |
| Ag/10%V2AlC | 800 ℃/120 min | 400 V/100 A/50 Hz | 95~96 | 80~90 | — | 2.84 | — | 3.0 (6 000 cycles) | |
| Ag/10%Cr2AlC | 800 ℃/120 min | 400 V/100 A/50 Hz | 95~96 | 75~80 | — | 14.19 | 1 270 | 88.4 (1 270 cycles) | |
| Ag/10%Ti2AlC | 800 ℃/120 min | 400 V/100 A/50 Hz | 95.9±0.6 | 85.6±2.4 | — | 7.60 | — | 7.7±0.9 (6 000 cycles) | |
| Ag/10%Ti2AlN | 800 ℃/120 min | 400 V/100 A/50 Hz | 95.2±0.7 | 75.6±2.5 | — | 4.53 | — | 5.8±0.8 (6 000 cycles) | |
| Ag/10%Ti3C2 | 700 ℃/120 min | 400 V/100 A/50 Hz | — | 64 | 32.77 | 3.0 | 1 233 | 54 (1 233 cycles) |
Table 2 Properties comparision of Ag/MAX/MXene composites under different preparation methods
| Technique | Objective | Preparation condition | Arc condition | Relative density/% | Hardness/HV | Tensile strength/MPa | Resistivity/ (μΩ·cm) | Cycling life/cycle | Mass loss/% |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SPS [ | Ag/5%Ti3SiC2 | 850 ℃/20 min/50 MPa | 400 V/100 A/50 Hz | 99.57 | 69.03 | — | 2.27 | 0.476 5 (100 cycles) | |
| Ag/10%Ti3SiC2 | 850 ℃/20 min/50 MPa | 400 V/100 A/50 Hz | 99.89 | 92.17±0.15 | — | 2.18 | 6 106 | 0.536 8 (100 cycles) | |
| Ag/15%Ti3SiC2 | 850 ℃/20 min/50 MPa | 400 V/100 A/50 Hz | 99.51 | 130.97 | — | 4.46 | — | 0.644 3 (100 cycles) | |
| Ag/10%*Nb2AlC | 700 ℃/30 min/30 MPa | 10 kV | 99.2 | 77.4 | — | 7.46 | — | — | |
HP [ | Ag/5%*Ti3AlC2 | 800 ℃/120 min/30 MPa | — | 99.90 | 94.5±0.3 | 220.0±0.7 | 2.90±0.01 | — | — |
| Ag/10%*Ti3AlC2 | 800 ℃/120 min/30 MPa | — | — | 101.5±0.3 | 246.9±0.7 | 4.20±0.02 | — | — | |
| Ag/15%*Ti3AlC2 | 800 ℃/120 min/30 MPa | — | — | 112.0±0.3 | 308.4±0.9 | 5.26±0.03 | — | — | |
| Ag/20%*Ti3AlC2 | 800 ℃/120 min/30 MPa | — | — | 136.3±0.1 | 357.3±1.1 | 7.19±0.04 | — | — | |
| Ag/25%*Ti3AlC2 | 800 ℃/120 min/30 MPa | — | — | 139.7±0.2 | 317.3±0.9 | 9.43±0.03 | — | — | |
| Ag/30%*Ti3AlC2 | 800 ℃/120 min/30 MPa | — | 98.5 | 169.0±0.2 | 235.5±0.7 | 10.87 | — | — | |
| Ag/10%*Ta2AlC | 700 ℃/30 min/30 MPa | 10 kV | 98.2 | — | — | 7.09 | — | — | |
| Ag/20%*Ta2AlC | 700 ℃/30 min/30 MPa | 10 kV | 96.4 | 97.4 | — | 7.69 | — | — | |
| Ag/30%*Ta2AlC | 700 ℃/30 min/30 MPa | 10 kV | 94.5 | — | — | 9.43 | — | — | |
Pressureless sintering [ | Ag/10%Ti3AlC2 | 800 ℃/120 min | 400 V/100 A/50 Hz | 96.3±0.4 | 87.3±3.9 | — | (6.06±0.4) | — | 6.6±0.3 (6 000 cycles) |
| Ag/10%Ti3AlC2 | 700 ℃/120 min | 400 V/100 A/50 Hz | — | 79 | 145.52 | 4.2 | — | 0.82 (3 000 cycles) | |
| Ag/5%Ti3SiC2 | 950 ℃/60 min | 400 V/100 A/50 Hz | 95.82 | 53.02 | — | 2.35 | — | 0.546 0 (100 cycles) | |
| Ag/10%Ti3SiC2 | 800 ℃/120 min | 400 V/100 A/50 Hz | 95.1±0.4 | 73.6±4.9 | — | (2.71±0.4) | — | 3.3±0.2 (6 000 cycles) | |
| Ag/10%Ti3SiC2 | 950 ℃/60 min | 400 V/100 A/50 Hz | 94.97 | 55.63±0.16 | — | 2.76 | 2 917 | 0.593 5 (100 cycles) | |
| Ag/15%Ti3SiC2 | 950 ℃/60 min | 400 V/100 A/50 Hz | 92.67 | 87.70 | — | 5.98 | — | 0.720 3 (100 cycles) | |
| Ag/2%Ti2SnC | 850 ℃/120 min | 24 V/20 A/1 Hz | 96.87 | 50.80 | 161.74 | 2.96 | — | — | |
| Ag/4%Ti2SnC | 850 ℃/120 min | 24 V/20 A/1 Hz | 96.14 | 55.00 | 137.99 | 4.52 | — | — | |
| Ag/6%Ti2SnC | 850 ℃/120 min | 24 V/20 A/1 Hz | 95.40 | 56.91 | 123.31 | 6.15 | — | — | |
| Ag/8%Ti2SnC | 850 ℃/120 min | 24 V/20 A/1 Hz | 95.06 | 62.71 | 107.04 | 7.81 | — | — | |
| Ag/10%Ti2SnC | 800 ℃/120 min | 400 V/100 A/50 Hz | 95.02 | 75.0 | — | 11.83 | — | 4.576 (6 200 cycles) | |
| Ag/10%V2AlC | 800 ℃/120 min | 400 V/100 A/50 Hz | 95~96 | 80~90 | — | 2.84 | — | 3.0 (6 000 cycles) | |
| Ag/10%Cr2AlC | 800 ℃/120 min | 400 V/100 A/50 Hz | 95~96 | 75~80 | — | 14.19 | 1 270 | 88.4 (1 270 cycles) | |
| Ag/10%Ti2AlC | 800 ℃/120 min | 400 V/100 A/50 Hz | 95.9±0.6 | 85.6±2.4 | — | 7.60 | — | 7.7±0.9 (6 000 cycles) | |
| Ag/10%Ti2AlN | 800 ℃/120 min | 400 V/100 A/50 Hz | 95.2±0.7 | 75.6±2.5 | — | 4.53 | — | 5.8±0.8 (6 000 cycles) | |
| Ag/10%Ti3C2 | 700 ℃/120 min | 400 V/100 A/50 Hz | — | 64 | 32.77 | 3.0 | 1 233 | 54 (1 233 cycles) |
Fig.2 (a), (b) Microstructures of Ag/xTi3AlC2(x=10, 20) electrical contacts after arc erosion; (c), (d) cross-sectional microstructures of the corresponding contacts; (e), (f) enlarged views of the corresponding regions[87]
Fig.3 SEM images of Ag/Ti3AlC2 (a) and Ag/Ti3SiC2 (b) composites and their corresponding elemental distribution maps (c), (d); relative density (e), electrical resistivity (f), and Vickers hardness (g) of Ag/MAX composites[82]
Fig.4 (a), (b) SEM images of Ti3AlC2 particles without ball milling; (c), (d) SEM images of Ti3AlC2 particles after 3 h of ball milling; (e) corresponding EDS spectra[91]
Fig.5 Maximum compressive stress, strain (a) and electrical resistivity (b) of the sintered and ECAPed samples; schematic illustrations of Ti3AlC2 alignment parallel (c) and perpendicular (d) to the contact surface in the ECAPed Ag/ Ti3AlC2 composite, respectively[92]
Fig.6 (a) XRD patterns of Ag/Ti3AlC2 sintered at different temperatures; interfacial structures of Ag/Ti3AlC2 sintered at 850 (b), 800 (c), and 750 ℃ (d), respectively; (e), (f) bright-field TEM images of the supersaturated Ag(Al) solid solution and the corresponding SAED patterns[94]
Fig.7 (a) XRD patterns of unetched Ti3AlC2 and x h-Ti3AlC2 samples; (b)~(d) schematic representations of the structures of the three samples; (e)~(g) corresponding EDS line scans[97]
Fig.8 (a)~(d) Microstructural evolution of Ag/Ti3AlC2 with increasing discharge cycles of 10, 100, 1 000, and 6 200[73]. Typical Ag morphologies on the surface of Ag/Ti3AlC2 composite after arc erosion and corresponding formation mechanism: (e) nanoparticles; (f) 1D whiskers; (g) 2D flakes; (h) 3D spheres; (i) schematic of microstructural evolution of Ag matrix under arc discharge[98]
Fig.9 (a)~(f) Arc erosion resistance mechanism of Ag/Ti3AlC2 composites[73]; (g), (h) partial density of states (PDOS) distributions of different Ag(111)/Ti2SnC(001) interfaces corresponding to Ag/C and Ag/Ti interfaces, respectively; (i) work functions of various Ag/Ti2SnC crystal plane systems[83]
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