蓝宝石单晶光纤包层化技术的演进与前瞻

doi:10.16553/j.cnki.issn1000-985x.2026.0057

人工晶体学报 ›› 2026, Vol. 55 ›› Issue (7): 1022-1043.DOI: 10.16553/j.cnki.issn1000-985x.2026.0057

蓝宝石单晶光纤包层化技术的演进与前瞻

李乾¹^,²^,³(), 周峰¹^,²^,³^,⁴, 刘显明¹^,²^,³(), 雷小华¹^,²^,³, 章鹏¹^,²^,³, 许亨艺¹^,²^,³

^1.重庆大学光电工程学院，重庆 400044
^2.嘉陵江实验室，重庆 401331
^3.重庆大学嘉陵江实验室，重庆 401331
^4.中国航发湖南动力机械研究所，株洲 412002

收稿日期:2026-04-07 出版日期:2026-07-20 发布日期:2026-08-04
通信作者: 刘显明，博士，教授。E-mail：xianming65@163.com
作者简介:李乾（1997—），男，河南省人，博士研究生。E-mail：19132055101@163.com
刘显明，重庆大学教授、博士生导师，中国仪器仪表学会设备结构健康监测与预警分会、中国光学学会光电技术专业委员会委员，中国科学院“西部之光青年学者”。主要从事极端环境特种传感与测试研究，面向航空发动机、核电等领域，开展温度、压力、应变、间隙等参量的高速高精度光纤传感测试。承担国家重大专项、重点研发计划、国家自然科学基金等项目，发表论文80余篇，获授权发明专利20余项。
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金(52475547);重庆市自然科学基金(CSTB2025NSCQ-LZX0005)

Cladding Technologies for Sapphire Single-Crystal Fiber: Evolution and Prospects

LI Qian¹^,²^,³(), ZHOU Feng¹^,²^,³^,⁴, LIU Xianming¹^,²^,³(), LEI Xiaohua¹^,²^,³, ZHANG Peng¹^,²^,³, XU Hengyi¹^,²^,³

^1.College of Optoelectronic Engineering，Chongqing University，Chongqing 400044，China
^2.Jialingjiang Laboratory，Chongqing 401331，China
^3.Jialingjiang Laboratory，Chongqing University，Chongging 401331，China
^4.AECC Hunan Aviation Powerplant Research Institute，Zhuzhou 412002，China

Received:2026-04-07 Online:2026-07-20 Published:2026-08-04

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 蓝宝石单晶光纤兼具耐高温、耐腐蚀、抗辐照和宽光谱透射等优异特性，是极端环境光学传感的重要候选材料。然而，现有蓝宝石单晶光纤多为无包层结构，存在模式约束能力弱、传输损耗较高和环境敏感性强等问题，这制约了其实际工程应用。包层化处理通过在蓝宝石单晶光纤外部或内部构建低折射率导光约束结构，改善传输性能、提升器件化水平并拓展应用场景。本文系统综述了蓝宝石单晶光纤包层化技术的研究进展，将现有技术归纳为外添型包层化技术、内改型包层化技术和微结构型包层化技术三类，重点梳理了各类技术的实现原理、制备工艺、代表性工作及性能特点，并对不同包层路线的发展现状、技术特点及适用潜力进行了比较分析。在此基础上，进一步面向极端环境传输与传感应用，展望了蓝宝石单晶光纤包层化技术的发展方向。

关键词: 蓝宝石单晶光纤; 包层化技术; 极端环境传感; 外添型包层化技术; 内改型包层化技术; 微结构包层化技术; 光纤器件

Abstract: Sapphire single-crystal fiber is an promising candidate material for optical sensing in extreme environments due to its excellent properties such as high-temperature resistance， corrosion resistance， radiation resistance and wide spectral transmission. However， most of the existing sapphire single-crystal fibers are non-cladding structures， which have problems such as weak mode confinement， high transmission loss and strong environmental sensitivity， which restrict their practical engineering applications. By constructing a low-refractive-index optical confinement structure outside or inside the sapphire single-crystal fiber， the cladding processing improves its transmission performance， improves the device level and expands the application scenarios. In this paper， the research progress in cladding technologies for sapphire single-crystal fiber is systematically reviewed. These technologies can be classified into three categories： external additive cladding techniques， internal modification cladding techniques， and micro-structured cladding techniques. The implementation principles， fabrication processes， representative studies， and performance characteristics of these technologies are summarized. The development status， technical features， and application potential of different cladding routes are also comparatively analyzed. On this basis， the development direction of sapphire single-crystal fiber cladding technology is prospected for extreme environment transmission and sensing applications.

Key words: sapphire single-crystal fiber; cladding technology; extreme-environment sensing; external additive cladding technique; internal modification cladding technique; micro-structured cladding technique; fiber device

中图分类号:

TN253

李乾, 周峰, 刘显明, 雷小华, 章鹏, 许亨艺. 蓝宝石单晶光纤包层化技术的演进与前瞻[J]. 人工晶体学报, 2026, 55(7): 1022-1043.

LI Qian, ZHOU Feng, LIU Xianming, LEI Xiaohua, ZHANG Peng, XU Hengyi. Cladding Technologies for Sapphire Single-Crystal Fiber: Evolution and Prospects[J]. Journal of Synthetic Crystals, 2026, 55(7): 1022-1043.

图/表 19

图1 蓝宝石单晶光纤包层化技术分类示意图。（a）外添型包层化技术；（b）内改型包层化技术；（c）微结构型包层化技术

Fig.1 Schematic classification of sapphire single-crystal fiber cladding techniques. （a） External additive cladding technique；（b） internal modification cladding technique；（c） micro-structured cladding technique

图2 不同包层化技术的相关研究年度分布及关键方法演进

Fig.2 Annual distribution of researches and evolution of key methods for different cladding techniques

图3 MgAl2O4尖晶石包层的结构表征及高温传输性能［35］。（a）1 000和1 300 ℃退火后微观截面形貌；（b）MgO-Al2O3二元相图；（c）高温气氛循环传输损耗测试系统；（d）数值孔径测试结果；（e）高温气氛循环下的传输损耗变化

Fig.3 Structural characterization and high-temperature transmission performance of MgAl2O4 spinel cladding［35］. （a） Cross-sectional morphologies after annealing at 1 000 and 1 300 ℃；（b） MgO-Al2O3 binary phase diagram；（c） high-temperature gas-cycling transmission loss measurement system；（d） numerical aperture measurement results；（e） transmission loss variation under high-temperature gas-cycling

图4 聚合物前驱体法制备的MgAl2O4包层及包层化前后的数值孔径对比［38］。（a）MgAl2O4包层的SEM照片；（b）~（d）入射距离分别为2、4和10 mm时，蓝宝石单晶光纤包层化前后的数值孔径对比

Fig.4 MgAl2O4 cladding prepared by polymeric precursor method and comparison of numerical aperture before and after cladding［38］. （a） SEM image of MgAl2O4 cladding；（b）~（d） comparison of numerical aperture of sapphire single-crystal fibers before and after cladding at input distances of 2， 4 and 10 mm， respectively

图5 熔融铝浸涂-阳极氧化法。（a）技术路线图［40］；（b）实验装置示意图［39］；（c）包层截面形貌及元素分布［40］；（d）SERS响应［40］

Fig.5 Molten-aluminum dip-coating and subsequent anodization. （a） Technical roadmap［40］；（b） schematic diagram of experimental setup［39］；（c） cross-sectional morphology and elemental distribution of cladding［40］；（d） SERS responses［40］

图6 PVD制备的蓝宝石单晶光纤包层。（a）采用溅射和电子束蒸发制备的ZrO2、Mo、W和Cr包层［30］；（b）采用GLAD制备的Al2O3包层［42］

Fig.6 Sapphire single-crystal fiber claddings prepared by PVD. （a） ZrO2， Mo， W and Cr coatings prepared by sputtering and eletron-beam evaporation［30］；（b） Al2O3 cladding prepared by GLAD［42］

图7 CVD制备的蓝宝石单晶光纤包层。（a）基于LPCVD和ALD制备的hBN、Al2O3包层［44?46］；（b）BN、BN/SiBCN及（BN/SiBCN）2包层结构［47?49］；（c）采用Mist-CVD制备的MgAl2O4包层［50］

Fig.7 Sapphire single-crystal fiber claddings prepared by CVD. （a） hBN and Al2O3 claddings prepared by LPCVD and ALD［44?46］；（b） BN， BN/SiBCN and （BN/SiBCN）2 cladding structures［47?49］；（c） MgAl2O4 cladding prepared by Mist-CVD［50］

图8 晶体-玻璃复合光纤及其芯-包界面微结构［51］。（a）制备工艺示意图；（b）光纤端面、芯区放大、侧视图及蓝宝石c轴取向示意图；（c）蓝宝石单晶纤芯/玻璃包层界面的HRTEM照片、傅里叶变换及反傅里叶变换表征

Fig.8 Hybrid crystal-glass fiber and its core-cladding interfacial microstructure［51］. （a） Schematic diagram of fabrication process；（b） fiber endface， enlarged core region， side-view， and c-axis orientation schematic diagram of sapphire；（c） HRTEM images Fourier-transform and inverse-Fourier-transform characterizations of sapphire single-crystal fiber core/glass cladding interface

图9 晶体芯/晶体包层光纤［54］。（a）实验装置示意图；（b）Ti∶Al2O3纤芯/Al2O3晶体包层光纤横截面；（c）1 600 ℃保温10 h前后光纤端面形貌对比

Fig.9 Crystalline-core/crystalline-cladding fibers［54］. （a） Schematic diagram of experimental setup；（b） cross-section of Ti∶Al2O3 fiber core/Al2O3 crystalline-cladding fiber；（c） comparison of fiber end-face morphology before and after holding at 1 600 ℃ for 10 h

表1 外添型包层化技术对比

Table 1 Comparison of external additive cladding techniques

Technique	Year	Institution	Advantage	Disadvantage
Suspension dip-coating-sintering method	1993	Drexel University & NASA Lewis Research Center^［26］	Simple； low-cost； thickness-tunable； suitable for thick coatings	Prone to pores/cracks； sensitive to slurry and sintering conditions
	1994	Drexel University & NASA Lewis Research Center^［27］
	1995	NASA^［28］
Solution dip-coating and staged curing	1994	Rutgers University^［29］	Simple； high efficiency； scalable coating	Limited temperature resistance； thermal mismatch； poor long-term stability
Sol-gel dip-coating and subsequent thermal treatment	1994	Rutgers University^［29］	Composition-tunable； uniform coating； mature process	Multi-cycle deposition； porous defects； limited high-temperature stability
	1994	NASA Lewis Research Center^［31］
	1997	NASA Lewis Research Center^［32］
	2000	Zhejiang University & Fang Yuan technical Incorporation^［33］
	2008	General Electric Company^［34］
	2022	NETL^［35］
Surface reaction- conversion method	2005	UT-Battelle， LLC^［37］	Strong bonding； in situ cladding； large NA reduction	Very high temperature； poor control of thickness； core distortion risk
Polymeric precursor method	2013	University of Cincinnati & Missouri University of Science and Technology^［38］	Good precursor homogeneity； low formation temperature； stable coating	Low efficiency； repeated cycles required； thermal stability still limited
Molten-aluminum dip-coating and subsequent anodization	2015—2016	Stevens Institute of Technology & Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic^{［39⁃40］}	In situ oxide conversion； useful for functional coatings	Poor uniformity control； rough/porous interface； higher scattering loss
UV-assisted curing and forming technique	2024	Harbin Engineering University^［41］	Good shape control； thick cladding	Eccentricity， pores， and cracks likely； stability not fully verified
PVD	1993	University of California & Max-Planck-Institut für Metallforschung & Pratt & Whitney Company^［30］	High purity； precise thickness control； suitable for thin functional films	Slow； expensive； limited uniformity on curved surfaces
PVD	2021	Iowa State University & SSAB Americas^［42］		Slow； expensive； limited uniformity on curved surfaces
CVD	1990	Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University^［43］	Dense and uniform coatings； controllable thickness； multilayer capable	Complex equipment； high process requirements； high-temperature degradation
	1993	University of California & Max-Planck-Institut für Metallforschung & Pratt & Whitney Company^［30］
	2008	General Electric Company^［34］
	2019	Jilin University^{［44⁃46］}
	2019	Northwestern Polytechnical University & Southwest University^［47］
	2020	Northwestern Polytechnical University & Changcheng Institute of Metrology and Measurement & Southwest University^［48］
	2024	Northwestern Polytechnical University & AECC Sichuan Gas Turbine Establishment^［49］
	2025	Shandong University^［50］
Melt extrusion	1993	Rutgers University^［10］	Simple； fast； continuous thick coating	Poor thermal resistance； mainly suitable as a protective layer
Melt extrusion	1994	Rutgers University^［29］	Simple； fast； continuous thick coating
LHPG-based hybrid crystal-glass fiber fabrication	2016	National Dong Hwa University & National Taiwan Ocean University & National chi nan university^［51］	Direct core-cladding formation； good interface quality	Glass cladding limits ultrahigh-temperature use； process is complex
Liquid sapphire single-crystal fiber cladding	2022	Wuhan University of Technology^［52］	Simple； refractive index tunable	Poor thermal stability； difficult for practical continuous cladding
Crystalline-core/ crystalline-clad fiber	2025	The Pennsylvania State University & General Opto Solutions， LLC^［54］	All-crystalline structure； best thermal match； high-temperature stability	Complex； low efficiency； limited length； coupling is difficult

表1 外添型包层化技术对比

Table 1 Comparison of external additive cladding techniques

Technique	Year	Institution	Advantage	Disadvantage
Suspension dip-coating-sintering method	1993	Drexel University & NASA Lewis Research Center^［26］	Simple； low-cost； thickness-tunable； suitable for thick coatings	Prone to pores/cracks； sensitive to slurry and sintering conditions
	1994	Drexel University & NASA Lewis Research Center^［27］
	1995	NASA^［28］
Solution dip-coating and staged curing	1994	Rutgers University^［29］	Simple； high efficiency； scalable coating	Limited temperature resistance； thermal mismatch； poor long-term stability
Sol-gel dip-coating and subsequent thermal treatment	1994	Rutgers University^［29］	Composition-tunable； uniform coating； mature process	Multi-cycle deposition； porous defects； limited high-temperature stability
	1994	NASA Lewis Research Center^［31］
	1997	NASA Lewis Research Center^［32］
	2000	Zhejiang University & Fang Yuan technical Incorporation^［33］
	2008	General Electric Company^［34］
	2022	NETL^［35］
Surface reaction- conversion method	2005	UT-Battelle， LLC^［37］	Strong bonding； in situ cladding； large NA reduction	Very high temperature； poor control of thickness； core distortion risk
Polymeric precursor method	2013	University of Cincinnati & Missouri University of Science and Technology^［38］	Good precursor homogeneity； low formation temperature； stable coating	Low efficiency； repeated cycles required； thermal stability still limited
Molten-aluminum dip-coating and subsequent anodization	2015—2016	Stevens Institute of Technology & Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic^{［39⁃40］}	In situ oxide conversion； useful for functional coatings	Poor uniformity control； rough/porous interface； higher scattering loss
UV-assisted curing and forming technique	2024	Harbin Engineering University^［41］	Good shape control； thick cladding	Eccentricity， pores， and cracks likely； stability not fully verified
PVD	1993	University of California & Max-Planck-Institut für Metallforschung & Pratt & Whitney Company^［30］	High purity； precise thickness control； suitable for thin functional films	Slow； expensive； limited uniformity on curved surfaces
PVD	2021	Iowa State University & SSAB Americas^［42］		Slow； expensive； limited uniformity on curved surfaces
CVD	1990	Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University^［43］	Dense and uniform coatings； controllable thickness； multilayer capable	Complex equipment； high process requirements； high-temperature degradation
	1993	University of California & Max-Planck-Institut für Metallforschung & Pratt & Whitney Company^［30］
	2008	General Electric Company^［34］
	2019	Jilin University^{［44⁃46］}
	2019	Northwestern Polytechnical University & Southwest University^［47］
	2020	Northwestern Polytechnical University & Changcheng Institute of Metrology and Measurement & Southwest University^［48］
	2024	Northwestern Polytechnical University & AECC Sichuan Gas Turbine Establishment^［49］
	2025	Shandong University^［50］
Melt extrusion	1993	Rutgers University^［10］	Simple； fast； continuous thick coating	Poor thermal resistance； mainly suitable as a protective layer
Melt extrusion	1994	Rutgers University^［29］	Simple； fast； continuous thick coating
LHPG-based hybrid crystal-glass fiber fabrication	2016	National Dong Hwa University & National Taiwan Ocean University & National chi nan university^［51］	Direct core-cladding formation； good interface quality	Glass cladding limits ultrahigh-temperature use； process is complex
Liquid sapphire single-crystal fiber cladding	2022	Wuhan University of Technology^［52］	Simple； refractive index tunable	Poor thermal stability； difficult for practical continuous cladding
Crystalline-core/ crystalline-clad fiber	2025	The Pennsylvania State University & General Opto Solutions， LLC^［54］	All-crystalline structure； best thermal match； high-temperature stability	Complex； low efficiency； limited length； coupling is difficult

图10 氢离子注入实现蓝宝石单晶光纤包层化。（a）原理示意图［58］；（b）实验装置［59］；（c）光纤端面光场分布［58］；（d）不同退火温度下注入层截面TEM照片［58］

Fig.10 Sapphire single-crystal fiber cladding realized by hydrogen ion implantation. （a） Schematic diagram of principle［58］；（b） experimental setup［59］；（c） optical field distribution of fiber end-face［58］；（d） cross-sectional TEM images of implanted layer at different annealing temperatures［58］

图11 6Li（n，α）3H反应离子注入蓝宝石单晶光纤内包层及其模式调控特性。（a）原理示意图［60］；（b）辐照后蓝宝石单晶光纤截面折射率分布示意图［62］；（c）不同模式剥除条件下的远场输出分布［62］；（d）包层化后蓝宝石单晶光纤的OFDR响应［62］

Fig.11 Internal cladding in sapphire single-crystal fibers formed by 6Li（n，α）3H reaction-based ion implantation and its mode-control characteristics. （a） Schematic diagram of principle［60］；（b） schematic diagram of refractive-index distribution in cross-section of irradiated sapphire single-crystal fiber［62］；（c） far-field output distributions under different mode-stripping conditions［62］；（d） OFDR response of sapphire single-crystal fiber after cladding［62］

图12 基于TypeⅠ直写的蓝宝石单晶光纤内改型波导结构［66］

Fig.12 Sapphire single-crystal fiber with internal modified waveguide structure based on TypeⅠ direct writing［66］

图13 TypeⅡ凹陷包层波导及其实现方式。（a）逐点刻写［69?70］；（b）逐环刻写装置光路［72］；（c）逐环刻写布拉格型包层光路的Zemax仿真［73］

Fig.13 TypeⅡ depressed-cladding waveguides and their fabrication schemes. （a） Point-by-point inscription［69?70］；（b） optical layout of ring-by-ring inscription setup［72］；（c） Zemax simulation of optical layout for ring-by-ring inscription of Bragg-type cladding［73］

图14 飞秒激光直写蓝宝石单晶光纤Type II凹陷包层与FBG的一体化结构。（a） HSFBG［74］；（b） RSFBG［75］；（c）逐环刻写装置［76］；（d）、（e） HBGW［77?78］；（f） DSFBG［79］

Fig.14 Integrated structures of Type II depressed-cladding and FBG by femtosecond laser direct written sapphire single-crystal fibers. （a） HSFBG［74］；（b） RSFBG［75］；（c） Ring-by-ring grating inscription device［76］；（d），（e） HBGW［77?78］；（f） DSFBG［79］

表2 内改型包层化技术对比

Table 2 Comparison of internal modification cladding techniques

Technique	Year	Institution	Advantage	Disadvantage
Two-step laser melting technique	1977	Bell laboratories^［55］	Monolithic crystalline structure	Parameter-sensitive； prone to surface defects； limited structural tunability
Hydrogen ion implantation	2013	State University of New York^{［58⁃59］}	Controllable cladding location； strong optical confinement	Parameter-sensitive； low efficiency； limited cladding uniformity
⁶Li（n，α）³H reaction-based ion implantation	2017	The Ohio State University^［60］	High-temperature stability； potential for distributed sensing	Harsh experimental conditions； complex process； limited higher-order-mode suppression
⁶Li（n，α）³H reaction-based ion implantation	2022	The Ohio State University & Luna Innovations Inc. & Idaho National Laboratory^{［61⁃62］}
Type I directly written waveguides	2022	Beijing Institute of Technology^［66］	Direct core writing； simple structure； suitable for local waveguide fabrication	Narrow process window； limited thermal stability； poor repeatability
Type II depressed-cladding waveguides	2022	University of Oxford & Rolls-Royce Plc^［69］	Flexible design； depressed-cladding structure； potential for single-mode guidance	High propagation loss； crack-prone； narrow process window and high cost
	2024	University of Oxford & Rolls-Royce Plc & Shandong University & Jiangsu Jingying Optoelectronics Technology Co. Ltd.^［70］
	2025	Chongqing university^［72］
	2025	Chongqing university^［73］
	2021	Jilin University & Changchun Institute of Optics， Fine Mechanics and Physics， Chinese Academy of Sciences & Tsing-Hua University^［74］	Integrated cladding and grating； combined mode control and sensing； high device integration	Mostly short local devices； low efficiency； difficult long-length consistency and low-loss coupling
	2023	Huazhong University of Science and Technology^［75］
	2023	Zhejiang Lab^［76］
	2023	Shenzhen University^［77］
	2025	Shenzhen University & Hiwing Technology Academy of CASIC^［78］
	2026	North University of China & Xiamen University^［79］

表2 内改型包层化技术对比

Table 2 Comparison of internal modification cladding techniques

Technique	Year	Institution	Advantage	Disadvantage
Two-step laser melting technique	1977	Bell laboratories^［55］	Monolithic crystalline structure	Parameter-sensitive； prone to surface defects； limited structural tunability
Hydrogen ion implantation	2013	State University of New York^{［58⁃59］}	Controllable cladding location； strong optical confinement	Parameter-sensitive； low efficiency； limited cladding uniformity
⁶Li（n，α）³H reaction-based ion implantation	2017	The Ohio State University^［60］	High-temperature stability； potential for distributed sensing	Harsh experimental conditions； complex process； limited higher-order-mode suppression
⁶Li（n，α）³H reaction-based ion implantation	2022	The Ohio State University & Luna Innovations Inc. & Idaho National Laboratory^{［61⁃62］}
Type I directly written waveguides	2022	Beijing Institute of Technology^［66］	Direct core writing； simple structure； suitable for local waveguide fabrication	Narrow process window； limited thermal stability； poor repeatability
Type II depressed-cladding waveguides	2022	University of Oxford & Rolls-Royce Plc^［69］	Flexible design； depressed-cladding structure； potential for single-mode guidance	High propagation loss； crack-prone； narrow process window and high cost
	2024	University of Oxford & Rolls-Royce Plc & Shandong University & Jiangsu Jingying Optoelectronics Technology Co. Ltd.^［70］
	2025	Chongqing university^［72］
	2025	Chongqing university^［73］
	2021	Jilin University & Changchun Institute of Optics， Fine Mechanics and Physics， Chinese Academy of Sciences & Tsing-Hua University^［74］	Integrated cladding and grating； combined mode control and sensing； high device integration	Mostly short local devices； low efficiency； difficult long-length consistency and low-loss coupling
	2023	Huazhong University of Science and Technology^［75］
	2023	Zhejiang Lab^［76］
	2023	Shenzhen University^［77］
	2025	Shenzhen University & Hiwing Technology Academy of CASIC^［78］
	2026	North University of China & Xiamen University^［79］

图15 蓝宝石光子晶体光纤。（a）全蓝宝石光子晶体光纤［83］；（b）空气孔型蓝宝石光子晶体光纤［85］

Fig.15 Sapphire photonic crystal fibers. （a） All-sapphire photonic crystal fiber［83］；（b） air-hole sapphire photonic crystal fiber［85］

图16 分段包层蓝宝石单晶光纤。（a） Windmill型分段包层蓝宝石单晶光纤及其模场分布［87］；（b）star-wheel型分段包层蓝宝石单晶光纤及其模场分布［90］；（c）多边形周期分段包层蓝宝石单晶光纤［93］

Fig.16 Segmented cladding sapphire single-crystal fibers. （a） Windmill segmented cladding sapphire single-crystal fibers and their modal field distributions［87］；（b） star-wheel segmented cladding sapphire single-crystal fibers and their modal field distributions［90］；（c） polygonal periodic segmented cladding sapphire single-crystal fiber［93］

表3 微结构型包层化技术对比

Table 3 Comparison of micro-structured cladding techniques

Technique	Year	Institution	Advantage	Disadvantage
Sapphire photonic crystal fiber	2010	Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University^［83］	High design flexibility； effective mode and dispersion control	Complex fabrication； poor hole stability at high temperature； difficult structural control
	2015	Xidian University^［84］
	2024	Huazhong University of Science and Technology^［85］
Segmented cladding sapphire single-crystal fiber	2015	Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University^［87］	High structural flexibility； large-core single-mode potential； effective mode filtering； strong dispersion engineering capability	Mostly theoretical； high machining precision required； poor long-length consistency
	2016	Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University^［88］
	2018	Graduate University of Advanced Technology， Department of Physics and Photonics， Kerman， Iran & Yazd University^［89］
	2021	Wuhan University of Technology & Quaid-i-Azam university^［90］
	2022	Beijing Institute of Technology^［93］

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蓝宝石单晶光纤包层化技术的演进与前瞻

Cladding Technologies for Sapphire Single-Crystal Fiber: Evolution and Prospects

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