一维等离激元晶格中的能带结构调控

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 由于具有将电磁波聚集到深亚波长体积的能力,表面等离激元在纳米光子技术研究工作中得到了广泛的应用。根据其性质,表面等离激元基本可以分为两大类:沿金属与介质界面传播的表面等离极化激元(SPPs)和束缚在金属表面的局域表面等离激元(LSPRs)。SPPs和对应的自由空间电磁波之间存在明显的动量失配,光栅,即一维等离激元晶格,经常被用于弥补动量失配,从自由空间激发SPPs。LSPRs是指在外部光场激发下局域在单个纳米结构周围的表面等离激元。当LSPRs被激发时,会形成近场增强效应,增大对入射光的吸收和散射。事实上,一维等离激元晶格既支持SPPs又支持LSPRs,是研究表面等离激元及其光学性质的很好的基本结构。由于LSPR这个自由度的存在,其中存在着比光子晶体更丰富的能带结构。本文将以一维等离激元晶格为研究对象,分别从能带调控、表面晶格共振、连续域中的束缚态以及玻色-爱因斯坦凝聚四个方面阐述金属等离激元的新颖性质和最新进展。这些性质对于进一步推动表面等离激元的应用具有重要意义。

关键词: 表面等离激元, 能带调控, 强耦合, 表面晶格共振, 连续域中的束缚态, 玻色-爱因斯坦凝聚

Abstract: Due to its ability to concentrate electromagnetic waves into deep sub-wavelength volume, surface plasmons have been widely used in nanophotonics. Generally, surface plasmons can be divided into two categories: surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) propagating along the interface between metal and medium, and localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPRs) bound to metal surface. There is an obvious momentum mismatch between SPPs and the corresponding free space electromagnetic wave. Grating, i.e. one-dimensional plasmonic lattice, is often used to compensate for this momentum mismatch and launch SPPs from free space. LSPRs refer to the surface plasmon localized around a single nanostructure under external light field excitation. When LSPRs are launched, the near-field enhancement effect can greatly increase the absorption and scattering of the incident light. In fact, one dimensional plasmon lattice supports both SPPs and LSPRs, which is an excellent foundamental structure for studying surface plasmon and its optical properties. Due to the coexistence of LSPR, there are much richer energy band structures in plasmonic lattice than in photonic crystals. In this review, we focus on one-dimensional plasmon lattice, and discuss the novel properties of metal plasmon from four aspects: band control, surface lattice resonance, bound states in continuum and Bose-Einstein condensation. These properties are of great significance to further promote the application of surface plasmon.

Key words: surface plasmon, energy band control, strong coupling, surface lattice resonance, bound states in continuum, Bose-Einstein condensation

中图分类号:

O734

曹凤朝, 吕博昆, 丁宇峰, 石锦卫. 一维等离激元晶格中的能带结构调控[J]. 人工晶体学报, 2021, 50(7): 1259-1274.

CAO Fengzhao, LYU Bokun, DING Yufeng, SHI Jinwei. Energy Band Structure Control in One Dimensional Plasmonic Lattice[J]. JOURNAL OF SYNTHETIC CRYSTALS, 2021, 50(7): 1259-1274.

参考文献

[1] SCHULLER J A, BARNARD E S, CAI W S, et al. Plasmonics for extreme light concentration and manipulation[J]. Nature Materials, 2010, 9(3): 193-204.
[2] WOOD R W. XLII. On a remarkable case of uneven distribution of light in a diffraction grating spectrum[J]. The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science, 1902, 4(21): 396-402.
[3] GARNETT J C M, LARMOR J. Colours in metal glasses and in metallic films[J]. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, 1904, 73(488-496): 443-445.
[4] MIE G. Beiträge zur Optik trüber Medien, speziell kolloidaler Metallösungen[J]. Annalen Der Physik, 1908, 330(3): 377-445.
[5] PINES D. Collective energy losses in solids[J]. Reviews of Modern Physics, 1956, 28(3): 184-198.
[6] RITCHIE R H. Plasma losses by fast electrons in thin films[J]. Physical Review, 1957, 106(5): 874-881.
[7] OTTO A. Excitation of nonradiative surface plasma waves in silver by the method of frustrated total reflection[J]. Zeitschrift Für Physik A Hadrons and Nuclei, 1968, 216(4): 398-410.
[8] Kretschmann E, Raether H. Radiative decay of non radiative surface plasmons excited by light[J]. Zeitschrift Fur Naturforschung Part A-astrophysik Physik Und Physikalische Chemie, 1968, A23(12): 2135-2136.
[9] CUNNINGHAM S L, MARADUDIN A A, WALLIS R F. Effect of a charge layer on the surface-plasmon-polariton dispersion curve[J]. Physical Review B, 1974, 10(8): 3342-3355.
[10] DITLBACHER H, KRENN J R, FELIDJ N, et al. Fluorescence imaging of surface plasmon fields[J]. Applied Physics Letters, 2002, 80(3): 404-406.
[11] RITCHIE R, ARAKAWA E, COWAN J, et al. Surface-plasmon resonance effect in grating diffraction[J]. Physical Review Letters, 1968, 21(22): 1530-1533.
[12] BARNES W L, DEREUX A, EBBESEN T W. Surface plasmon subwavelength optics[J]. Nature, 2003, 424(6950): 824-830.
[13] BARNES, PREIST, KITSON, et al. Physical origin of photonic energy gaps in the propagation of surface plasmons on gratings[J]. Physical Review B, Condensed Matter, 1996, 54(9): 6227-6244.
[14] TAN W C, PREIST T W, SAMBLES J R, et al. Flat surface-plasmon-polariton bands and resonant optical absorption on short-pitch metal gratings[J]. Physical Review B, 1999, 59(19): 12661-12666.
[15] CHRIST A, TIKHODEEV S G, GIPPIUS N A, et al. Waveguide-plasmon polaritons: strong coupling of photonic and electronic resonances in a metallic photonic crystal slab[J]. Physical Review Letters, 2003, 91(18): 183901.
[16] WANG C Y, SANG Y G, YANG X Y, et al. Engineering giant Rabi splitting via strong coupling between localized and propagating plasmon modes on metal surface lattices: observation of √N scaling rule[J]. Nano Letters, 2021, 21(1): 605-611.
[17] WANG B Q, YU P, WANG W H, et al. High-Q plasmonic resonances: fundamentals and applications[J]. Advanced Optical Materials, 2021, 9(7): 2001520.
[18] SAAD BIN-ALAM M, RESHEF O, MAMCHUR Y, et al. Ultra-high-Q resonances in plasmonic metasurfaces[J]. Nature Communications, 2021, 12: 974.
[19] HUMPHREY A D, MEINZER N, STARKEY T A, et al. Surface lattice resonances in plasmonic arrays of asymmetric disc dimers[J]. ACS Photonics, 2016, 3(4): 634-639.
[20] HUMPHREY A D, BARNES W L. Plasmonic surface lattice resonances on arrays of different lattice symmetry[J]. Physical Review B, 2014, 90(7): 075404.
[21] RODRIGUEZ S R K, SCHAAFSMA M C, BERRIER A, et al. Collective resonances in plasmonic crystals: size matters[J]. Physica B: Condensed Matter, 2012, 407(20): 4081-4085.
[22] FEDOTOV V A, PAPASIMAKIS N, PLUM E, et al. Spectral collapse in ensembles of metamolecules[J]. Physical Review Letters, 2010, 104(22): 223901.
[23] LE-VAN Q, ZOETHOUT E, GELUK E J, et al. Enhanced quality factors of surface lattice resonances in plasmonic arrays of nanoparticles[J]. Advanced Optical Materials, 2019, 7(6): 1801451.
[24] AUGUIÉ B, BENDAÑA X M, BARNES W L, et al. Diffractive arrays of gold nanoparticles near an interface: critical role of the substrate[J]. Physical Review B, 2010, 82(15): 155447.
[25] AUGUIÉ B, BARNES W L. Diffractive coupling in gold nanoparticle arrays and the effect of disorder[J]. Optics Letters, 2009, 34(4): 401-403.
[26] KRAVETS V G, KABASHIN A V, BARNES W L, et al. Plasmonic surface lattice resonances: a review of properties and applications[J]. Chemical Reviews, 2018, 118(12): 5912-5951.
[27] ZHOU W, ODOM T W. Tunable subradiant lattice plasmons by out-of-plane dipolar interactions[J]. Nature Nanotechnology, 2011, 6(7): 423-427.
[28] ZHOU W, HUA Y, HUNTINGTON M D, et al. Delocalized lattice plasmon resonances show dispersive quality factors[J]. The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters, 2012, 3(10): 1381-1385.
[29] KRAVETS V G, SCHEDIN F, GRIGORENKO A N. Extremely narrow plasmon resonances based on diffraction coupling of localized plasmons in arrays of metallic nanoparticles[J]. Physical Review Letters, 2008, 101(8): 087403.
[30] THACKRAY B D, KRAVETS V G, SCHEDIN F, et al. Narrow collective plasmon resonances in nanostructure arrays observed at normal light incidence for simplified sensing in asymmetric air and water environments[J]. ACS Photonics, 2014, 1(11): 1116-1126.
[31] VECCHI G, GIANNINI V, GÓMEZ RIVAS J. Surface modes in plasmonic crystals induced by diffractive coupling of nanoantennas[J]. Physical Review B, 2009, 80(20): 201401.
[32] AZZAM S I, SHALAEV V M, BOLTASSEVA A, et al. Formation of bound states in the continuum in hybrid plasmonic-photonic systems[J]. Physical Review Letters, 2018, 121(25): 253901.
[33] CHEN Y J, KOTELES E S, SEYMOUR R J, et al. Surface plasmons on gratings: coupling in the minigap regions[J]. Solid State Communications, 1983, 46(2): 95-99.
[34] LIANG Y, KOSHELEV K, ZHANG F C, et al. Bound states in the continuum in anisotropic plasmonic metasurfaces[J]. Nano Letters, 2020, 20(9): 6351-6356.
[35] SUN S Y, DING Y F, LI H Z, et al. Tunable plasmonic bound states in the continuum in the visible range[J]. Physical Review B, 2021, 103(4): 045416.
[36] XIAO M, ZHANG Z Q, CHAN C T. Surface impedance and bulk band geometric phases in one-dimensional systems[J]. Physical Review X, 2014, 4(2): 021017.
[37] SANG Y, WU X, RAJA S S, et al. Broadband multifunctional plasmonic logic gates[J]. Advanced Optical Materials, 2018, 6(13): 1701368.
[38] WANG C Y, CHEN H Y, SUN L Y, et al. Giant colloidal silver crystals for low-loss linear and nonlinear plasmonics[J]. Nature Communications, 2015, 6: 7734.
[39] HAKALA T K, MOILANEN A J, VÄKEVÄINEN A I, et al. Bose-Einstein condensation in a plasmonic lattice[J]. Nature Physics, 2018, 14(7): 739-744.
[40] IMAMOGLU A, RAM R J, PAU S, et al. Nonequilibrium condensates and lasers without inversion: exciton-polariton lasers[J]. Physical Review A, 1996, 53(6): 4250-4253.
[41] CARUSOTTO I, CIUTI C. Quantum fluids of light[J]. Reviews of Modern Physics, 2013, 85(1): 299-366.
[42] SU R, GHOSH S, WANG J, et al. Observation of exciton polariton condensation in a perovskite lattice at room temperature[J]. Nature Physics, 2020, 16(3): 301-306.
[43] ZHOU W, DRIDI M, SUH J Y, et al. Lasing action in strongly coupled plasmonic nanocavity arrays[J]. Nature Nanotechnology, 2013, 8(7): 506-511.
[44] HAKALA T K, REKOLA H T, VÄKEVÄINEN A I, et al. Lasing in dark and bright modes of a finite-sized plasmonic lattice[J]. Nat Commun, 2017, 8: 13687.
[45] RAMEZANI M, HALPIN A, FERNÁNDEZ-DOMÍNGUEZ A I, et al. Plasmon-exciton-polariton lasing[J]. Optica, 2017, 4(1): 31-37.