稀土离子掺杂氟化物激光晶体研究进展

人工晶体学报 ›› 2022, Vol. 51 ›› Issue (9-10): 1573-1587.

稀土离子掺杂氟化物激光晶体研究进展

赵呈春¹, 张沛雄^1,2, 李善明¹, 房倩楠¹, 徐民¹, 陈振强², 杭寅¹

1.中国科学院上海光学精密机械研究所,上海 201800;
2.暨南大学理工学院光电工程系,广州 510000

收稿日期:2022-07-19 出版日期:2022-10-15 发布日期:2022-11-02
通信作者: 张沛雄,副研究员。E-mail:pxzhang@jnu.edu.cn
作者简介:赵呈春(1985—),男,安徽省人,博士,副研究员。E-mail:zhaocc205@siom.ac.cn。赵呈春,中国科学院上海光学精密机械研究所副研究员,博士生导师。中国稀土学会稀土晶体专业委员会委员、《人工晶体学报》《应用技术学报》青年编委。主要从事光电子功能材料研究工作,主要包括稀土离子掺杂氟化物激光晶体、钛宝石晶体、金刚石等生长、光学特性和激光性能,以及纳米孔无机膜、表面等离激元纳米光子学等,主持承担国家自然科学基金、JKW领域基金、上海光机所自主部署、博士后基金等项目,发表SCI论文30余篇,申请专利20余项。
张沛雄,暨南大学副研究员,硕士生导师。现兼任广东省晶体材料和晶体激光技术与应用工程研究中心副主任,中国稀土学会稀土晶体专委会委员,《人工晶体学报》《发光学报》期刊青年编委。长期从事光电功能晶体材料的生长技术和性能研究,特别是新型中红外氟化物激光晶体(稀土掺杂LuLiF₄、YLiF₄、PbF₂等)的生长和光学性能优化调控,以及铌酸锂、钽酸锂、钇铝石榴石等多功能晶体及其器件的制备和性能研究,主持承担国家自然科学基金委,广东省、广州市等多项科技项目,以第一作者和通信作者发表SCI收录论文80多篇,获得授权发明专利10多项。

Development of Rare-Earth Ion Doped Fluoride Laser Crystal

ZHAO Chengchun¹, ZHANG Peixiong^1,2, LI Shanming¹, FANG Qiannan¹, XU Min¹, CHEN Zhenqiang², HANG Yin¹

1. Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China;
2. Department of Optoelectronic Engineering, Institute of Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510000, China

Received:2022-07-19 Online:2022-10-15 Published:2022-11-02

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 稀土离子掺杂氟化物晶体具有宽透光波段高透过率、低声子能量、长荧光寿命、负热光系数等优良特性,可以产生从紫外到中红外波段激光,是一类重要的激光增益介质。本文综述了本团队在稀土离子掺杂LiLuF₄、LiYF₄、BaY₂F₈、LaF₃、PbF₂、CeF₃等氟化物晶体生长、光学和激光性能等方面的研究进展,总结了稀土离子共掺敏化、退激活、能级耦合调控以及多离子发光等方面的研究工作,展望了稀土离子掺杂氟化物激光晶体的研究发展趋势。

关键词: 稀土离子, 氟化物晶体, 激光晶体, 晶体生长, 光学性能, 激光性能

Abstract: As a laser gain media, rare-earth ion doped fluoride crystals have advantages of high transparency in a wide wavelength range, low phonon-energy, long fluorescence lifetimes and negative thermal dependence of refractive index, and can emit lasers from ultraviolet to mid-infrared. In this paper, the research progress of our group in the growth, optical and laser properties of rare-earth ion doped fluoride crystals (LiLuF₄, LiYF₄, BaY₂F₈, LaF₃, PbF₂, CeF₃) are reviewed. The rare-earth ion co-doping effects of sensitization, deactivation, energy level coupling and emission spectra broadening are introduced, and the development trend of rare-earth ion doped fluoride laser crystal in the future is prospected.

Key words: rare-earth ion, fluoride crystal, laser crystal, crystal growth, optical property, laser property

中图分类号:

O734

赵呈春, 张沛雄, 李善明, 房倩楠, 徐民, 陈振强, 杭寅. 稀土离子掺杂氟化物激光晶体研究进展[J]. 人工晶体学报, 2022, 51(9-10): 1573-1587.

ZHAO Chengchun, ZHANG Peixiong, LI Shanming, FANG Qiannan, XU Min, CHEN Zhenqiang, HANG Yin. Development of Rare-Earth Ion Doped Fluoride Laser Crystal[J]. JOURNAL OF SYNTHETIC CRYSTALS, 2022, 51(9-10): 1573-1587.

参考文献

[1] GATTASS R R, MAZUR E. Femtosecond laser micromachining in transparent materials[J]. Nature Photonics, 2008, 2(4): 219-225.
[2] WALSH B M, LEE H R, BARNES N P. Mid infrared lasers for remote sensing applications[J]. Journal of Luminescence, 2016, 169: 400-405.
[3] LI W Q, GAN Z B, YU L H, et al. 339 J high-energy Ti∶sapphire chirped-pulse amplifier for 10 PW laser facility[J]. Optics Letters, 2018, 43(22): 5681-5684.
[4] OKADA F, TOGAWA S, OHTA K, et al. Solid-state ultraviolet tunable laser: a Ce³⁺ doped LiYF₄ crystal[J]. Journal of Applied Physics, 1994, 75(1): 49-53.
[5] MA C Q, ZHANG Y, GUO J W, et al. A 3.9 μm Ho³⁺∶BaY₂F₈ laser directly pumped by laser diodes[J]. Electronics Letters, 2021, 57(20): 779-781.
[6] LIU H L, ZHAO Z X, XIA J, et al. Tunable Pr³⁺∶LiYF₄ lasers in the green-red spectral region[J]. Journal of Applied Physics, 2021, 129(8): 083102.
[7] SALAÜN S, FORNONI M T, BULOU A, et al. Lattice dynamics of fluoride scheelites: I. Raman and infrared study of LiYF₄ and LiLnY₄ (Ln∶Ho, Er, Tm and Yb)[J]. Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter, 1997, 9(32): 6941-6956.
[8] AUZEL F, PELLÉ F. Bottleneck in multiphonon nonradiative transitions[J]. Physical Review B, 1997, 55(17): 11006-11009.
[9] SOROKIN P P, STEVENSON M J. Stimulated infrared emission from trivalent uranium[J]. Physical Review Letters, 1960, 5(12): 557-559.
[10] KAISER W, GARRETT C G B, WOOD D L. Fluorescence and optical maser effects in CaF₂∶Sm⁺⁺[J]. Physical Review, 1961, 123(3): 766-776.
[11] KAMINSKII A A. Laser crystals and ceramics: recent advances[J]. Laser & Photonics Review, 2007, 1(2): 93-177.
[12] NIE H K, ZHANG P X, ZHANG B T, et al. Diode-end-pumped Ho, Pr∶LiLuF₄ bulk laser at 2.95 μm[J]. Optics Letters, 2017, 42(4): 699-702.
[13] ŠVEJKAR R, ŠULC J, NĚMEC M, et al. Compact diode-pumped CW and Q-switched 2.8 μm Er∶YLF laser[J]. Josa B, 2021, 38(8): B26-B29.
[14] SIDERS, GALVIN, ERLANDSON, et al. Wavelength scaling of laser Wakefield acceleration for the EuPRAXIA design point[J]. Instruments, 2019, 3(3): 44.
[15] TAMER I, REAGAN B A, GALVIN T, et al. Demonstration of a compact, multi-joule, diode-pumped Tm∶YLF laser[J]. Optics Letters, 2021, 46(20): 5096-5099.
[16] WANG C, WEI H, WANG J F, et al. 1 J, 1 Hz lamp-pumped high-gain Nd∶phosphate glass laser amplifier[J]. Chinese Optics Letters, 2017, 15(1): 011401.
[17] QIN Z P, XIE G Q, MA J, et al. Generation of 103 fs mode-locked pulses by a gain linewidth-variable Nd, Y∶CaF₂ disordered crystal[J]. Optics Letters, 2014, 39(7): 1737-1739.
[18] ZHU J F, ZHANG L J, GAO Z Y, et al. Diode-pumped femtosecond mode-locked Nd, Y-codoped CaF₂ laser[J]. Laser Physics Letters, 2015, 12(3): 035801.
[19] METZ P W, HASSE K, PARISI D, et al. Continuous-wave Pr³⁺∶BaY₂F₈ and Pr³⁺∶LiYF₄ lasers in the cyan-blue spectral region[J]. Optics Letters, 2014, 39(17): 5158-5161.
[20] OSTROUMOV V, SEELERT W. 1 W of 261 nm CW generation in a Pr³⁺∶LiYF₄ laser pumped by an optically pumped semiconductor laser at 479 nm[C]//Lasers and Applications in Science and Engineering. Proc SPIE 6871, Solid State Lasers XVII: Technology and Devices, San Jose, California, USA. 2008, 6871: 450-453.
[21] LIN X J, ZHU Y, JI S H, et al. Highly efficient LD-pumped 607 nm high-power CW Pr³⁺∶YLF lasers[J]. Optics & Laser Technology, 2020, 129: 106281.
[22] LIN X J, CHEN M P, FENG Q C, et al. LD-pumped high-power CW Pr³⁺∶YLF laguerre-Gaussian lasers at 639 nm[J]. Optics & Laser Technology, 2021, 142: 107273.
[23] LUO S Y, YAN X G, CUI Q, et al. Power scaling of blue-diode-pumped Pr∶YLF lasers at 523.0, 604.1, 606.9, 639.4, 697.8 and 720.9 nm[J]. Optics Communications, 2016, 380: 357-360.
[24] SOTTILE A, PARISI D, TONELLI M. Multiple polarization orange and red laser emissions with Pr∶BaY₂Fs[J]. Optics Express, 2014, 22(11): 13784-13791.
[25] YU H, QIAN X B, GUO L Y, et al. Pr∶Ca_1-xR_xF₂₊_x (R=Y or Gd) crystals: modulated blue, orange and red emission spectra with the proportion of R³⁺ ions[J]. Optical Materials, 2018, 78: 88-93.
[26] KRÄNKEL C, MARZAHL D T, MOGLIA F, et al. Out of the blue: semiconductor laser pumped visible rare-earth doped lasers[J]. Laser & Photonics Reviews, 2016, 10(4): 548-568.
[27] CASTELLANO-HERNÁNDEZ E, KALUSNIAK S, METZ P W, et al. Diode-pumped laser operation of Tb ³⁺∶LiLuF₄ in the green and yellow spectral range[J]. Laser & Photonics Reviews, 2020, 14(2): 1900229.
[28] DUBINSKII M A, CEFALAS A C, SARANTOPOULOU E, et al. Efficient LaF₃∶Nd³⁺-based vacuum-ultraviolet laser at 172 nm[J]. Josa B, 1992, 9(7): 1148-1150.
[29] COUTTS D W, MCGONIGLE A J S. Cerium-doped fluoride lasers[J]. IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics, 2004, 40(10): 1430-1440.
[30] VOLPI A, KRÄMER K W, BINER D, et al. Bridgman growth of laser-cooling-grade LiLuF₄∶Yb³⁺ single crystals[J]. Crystal Growth & Design, 2021, 21(4): 2142-2153.
[31] HEHLEN M P, MENG J W, ALBRECHT A R, et al. First demonstration of an all-solid-state optical cryocooler[J]. Light: Science & Applications, 2018, 7: 15.
[32] YANG Z, MENG J W, ALBRECHT A R, et al. Radiation-balanced thin-disk lasers in Yb∶YAG and Yb∶YLF (conference presentation)[C]//SPIE OPTO. Proc SPIE 10936, Photonic Heat Engines: Science and Applications, San Francisco, California, USA. 2019, 10936: 109360O.
[33] ROGIN P, HULLIGER J. Liquid phase epitaxy of LiYF₄[J]. Journal of Crystal Growth, 1997, 179(3/4): 551-558.
[34] THOMA R E, BRUNTON G D, PENNEMAN R A, et al. Equilibrium relations and crystal structure of lithium fluorolanthanate phases[J]. Inorganic Chemistry, 1970, 9(5): 1096-1101.
[35] ZHANG P X, YIN J G, ZHANG B T, et al. Intense 2.8 μm emission of Ho³⁺ doped PbF₂ single crystal[J]. Optics Letters, 2014, 39(13): 3942-3945.
[36] LAIHO R, LAKKISTO M. Investigation of the refractive indices of LaF₃, CeF₃, PrF₃ and NdF₃[J]. Philosophical Magazine B, 1983, 48(2): 203-207.
[37] VASYLIEV V, VILLORA E G, NAKAMURA M, et al. UV-visible Faraday rotators based on rare-earth fluoride single crystals: LiREF₄ (RE=Tb, Dy, Ho, Er and Yb), PrF₃ and CeF₃[J]. Optics Express, 2012, 20(13): 14460-14470.
[38] AGGARWAL R L, RIPIN D J, OCHOA J R, et al. Measurement of thermo-optic properties of Y₃Al₅O₁₂, Lu₃Al₅O₁₂, YAIO₃, LiYF₄, LiLuF₄, BaY₂F₈, KGd(WO₄)₂, and KY(WO₄)₂ laser crystals in the 80-300 K temperature range[J]. Journal of Applied Physics, 2005, 98(10): 103514.
[39] KLEIN P H, CROFT W J. Thermal conductivity, diffusivity, and expansion of Y₂O₃, Y₃Al₅O₁₂, and LaF₃ in the range 77°-300°K[J]. Journal of Applied Physics, 1967, 38(4): 1603-1607.
[40] AGGARWAL I D, SHAW L B, SANGHERA J S. Chalcogenide glass fiber-based MID-IR sources and applications[C]//Lasers and Applications in Science and Engineering. Proc SPIE 6453, Fiber Lasers Ⅳ: Technology, Systems, and Applications, San Jose, California, USA. 2007, 6453: 232-241.
[41] PRATISTO H, FRENZ M, ITH M, et al. Temperature and pressure effects during erbium laser stapedotomy[J]. Lasers in Surgery and Medicine, 1996, 18(1): 100-108.
[42] VODOPYANOV K L. Mid-infrared optical parametric generator with extra-wide (3-19-μm) tunability: applications for spectroscopy of two-dimensional electrons in quantum wells[J]. Josa B, 1999, 16(9): 1579-1586.
[43] GODARD A. Infrared (2-12 μm) solid-state laser sources: a review[J]. Comptes Rendus Physique, 2007, 8(10): 1100-1128.
[44] WANG J T, CHENG T Q, WANG L, et al. Compensation of strong thermal lensing in an LD side-pumped high-power Er∶YSGG laser[J]. Laser Physics Letters, 2015, 12(10): 105004.
[45] RABINOVICH W S, BOWMAN S R, FELDMAN B J, et al. Tunable laser pumped 3 μm Ho∶YAlO₃ laser[J]. IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics, 1991, 27(4): 895-897.
[46] DJEU N, HARTWELL V E, KAMINSKII A A, et al. Room-temperature 3.4 μm Dy∶BaYb₂F₈ laser[J]. Optics Letters, 1997, 22(13): 997-999.
[47] SANDROCK T, DIENING A, HUBER G. Laser emission of erbium-doped fluoride bulk glasses in the spectral range from 2.7 to 2.8 μm[J]. Optics Letters, 1999, 24(6): 382-384.
[48] ZHANG P X, HANG Y, LI Z, et al. Sensitization and deactivation effects of Nd³⁺ on the Ho³⁺∶3.9 μm emission in a PbF₂ crystal[J]. Optics Letters, 2017, 42(13): 2559-2562.
[49] WANG Y, LI J F, ZHU Z J, et al. Mid-infrared emission in Dy∶YAlO₃ crystal[J]. Optical Materials Express, 2014, 4(6): 1104-1111.
[50] ZHANG P X, ZHANG B T, HONG J Q, et al. Enhanced emission of 2.86 μm from diode-pumped Ho³⁺/Yb³⁺-codoped PbF₂ crystal[J]. Optics Express, 2015, 23(4): 3920-3927.
[51] ZHANG P X, HANG Y, ZHANG L H. Deactivation effects of the lowest excited state of Ho³⁺ at 2.9 μm emission introduced by Pr³⁺ ions in LiLuF₄ crystal[J]. Optics Letters, 2012, 37(24): 5241-5243.
[52] LI S M, ZHANG L H, HE M Z, et al. Effective enhancement of 2.87 μm fluorescence via Yb³⁺ in Ho³⁺∶LaF₃ laser crystal[J]. Journal of Luminescence, 2018, 203: 730-734.
[53] LI S M, ZHANG L H, HE M Z, et al. Nd³⁺ as effective sensitizing and deactivating ions for the 2.87 μm lasers in Ho³⁺ doped LaF₃ crystal[J]. Journal of Luminescence, 2019, 208: 63-66.
[54] LI X, ZHANG P X, ZHU S Q, et al. Enhanced 2.75 μm emissions of Er³⁺ via Eu³⁺ deactivation in PbF₂ crystal[J]. Journal of Luminescence, 2019, 210: 164-168.
[55] WANG Y H, ZHANG P X, LI X, et al. Spectroscopy and energy transfer mechanism of Tb³⁺ strengthened Er³⁺ 27 μm emission in PbF₂ crystal[J]. Optical Materials Express, 2018, 9(1): 13.
[56] LI X, ZHANG P X, YIN H, et al. Sensitization and deactivation effects of Nd³⁺ on the Er³⁺: 2.7 μm emission in PbF₂ crystal[J]. Optical Materials Express, 2019, 9(4): 1698-1708.
[57] LI S M, ZHANG L H, ZHANG P X, et al. Nd³⁺ as effective sensitization and deactivation ions in Nd, Er∶LaF₃ crystal for the 2.7 μm lasers[J]. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 2020, 827: 154268.
[58] WANG Y H, JIANG C, ZHANG P X, et al. Bandwidth enhancement of 3 μm emission and energy transfer mechanism in Yb³⁺/Ho³⁺/Dy³⁺ co-doped PbF₂ crystal[J]. Journal of Luminescence, 2019, 212: 160-165.
[59] WANG Y H, ZHANG P X, ZHU S Q, et al. Broadened effect of Dy around 3 μm of Yb/Er/Dy∶PbF₂ crystal for broadband tunable lasers[J]. Journal of the American Ceramic Society, 2020, 103(8): 4445-4452.
[60] HUANG X B, WANG Y H, ZHANG P X, et al. Efficiently strengthen and broaden 3 μm fluorescence in PbF₂ crystal by Er³⁺/Ho³⁺ as co-luminescence centers and Pr³⁺ deactivation[J]. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 2019, 811: 152027.
[61] FAN M Q, LI T, LI G Q, et al. Passively Q-switched Ho, Pr∶LiLuF₄ laser with graphitic carbon nitride nanosheet film[J]. Optics Express, 2017, 25(11): 12796-12803.
[62] NIE H K, ZHANG P X, ZHANG B T, et al. Watt-level continuous-wave and black phosphorus passive Q-switching operation of Ho³⁺, Pr³⁺∶LiLuF₄ bulk laser at 2.95 μm[J]. IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics, 2018, 24(5): 1-5.
[63] YANG Y L, NIE H K, ZHANG B T, et al. Passively Q-switched mode-locked Ho, Pr∶LiLuF₄ laser operating at 2.9 μm with semiconductor saturable absorber mirror[J]. Applied Physics Express, 2018, 11(11): 112704.
[64] GUO L, LI T, ZHANG S Y, et al. Passively Q-switched Ho, Pr∶LiLuF₄ bulk laser at 295 μm using WS₂ saturable absorbers[J]. Optical Materials Express, 2017, 7(6): 2090.
[65] LIU X, ZHANG S, YAN Z, et al. WSe₂ as a saturable absorber for a passively Q-switched Ho, Pr∶LLF laser at 2.95 μm[J]. Optical Materials Express, 2018, 8(5): 1213-1220.
[66] FAN X W, NIE H K, ZHAO S, et al. MXene saturable absorber for nanosecond pulse generation in a mid-infrared Ho, Pr∶LLF bulk laser[J]. Optical Materials Express, 2019, 9(10): 3977-3984.
[67] ZHANG S Y, LIU X X, GUO L, et al. Passively Q-switched Ho, Pr∶LLF bulk slab laser at 2.95 μm based on MoS₂ saturable absorber[J]. IEEE Photonics Technology Letters, 2017, 29(24): 2258-2261.
[68] YAN Z Y, LI G Q, LI T, et al. Passively Q-switched Ho, Pr∶LiLuF₄ laser at 2.95 μm using MoSe₂[J]. IEEE Photonics Journal, 2017, 9(5): 1-7.
[69] YANG Y L, ZHANG L H, LI S M, et al. Growth and mid-infrared luminescence property of Ho³⁺ doped CeF₃ single crystal[J]. Infrared Physics & Technology, 2020, 105: 103230.
[70] XIONG J, PENG H Y, HU P C, et al. Optical characterization of Tm³⁺ in LiYF₄ and LiLuF₄ crystals[J]. Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, 2010, 43(18): 185402.
[71] YIN J G, HANG Y, HE X H, et al. Transition intensities and excited state relaxation dynamics of Tm³⁺ in Tm∶PbF₂ crystal[J]. Laser Physics, 2012, 22(3): 609-613.
[72] HONG J Q, ZHANG L H, XU M, et al. Optical characterization of Tm³⁺ in LaF₃ single crystal[J]. Infrared Physics & Technology, 2017, 82: 50-55.
[73] ZHAO C C, HANG Y, ZHANG L H, et al. Polarized spectroscopic properties of Ho³⁺-doped LuLiF₄ single crystal for 2 μm and 2.9 μm lasers[J]. Optical Materials, 2011, 33(11): 1610-1615.
[74] ZHANG P X, ZHANG L H, HONG J Q, et al. Spectroscopic properties of Ho³⁺-doped PbF₂ single crystal for 2 μm[J]. Optical Materials, 2015, 46: 389-392.
[75] HONG J Q, ZHANG L H, ZHANG P X, et al. Ho∶LaF₃ single crystal as potential material for 2 μm and 2.9 μm lasers[J]. Infrared Physics & Technology, 2016, 76: 636-640.
[76] CHENG X J, ZHANG S Y, XU J, et al. High-power diode-end-pumped Tm∶LiLuF₄ slab lasers[J]. Optics Express, 2009, 17(17): 14895-14901.
[77] 陈光珠,杭寅,彭海燕,等.Tm∶YLiF₄激光晶体的生长及性能研究[J].光学学报,2011,31(1):209-212.
CHEN G Z, HANG Y, PENG H Y, et al. Growth and spectral properties of Tm∶YLiF₄ cystals[J]. Acta Optica Sinica, 2011, 31(1): 209-212(in Chinese).
[78] ZHANG P X, WAN Y B, YIN J G, et al. Low-phonon PbF₂∶Tm³⁺-doped crystal for 1.9 μm lasing[J]. Laser Physics Letters, 2014, 11(11): 115802.
[79] LI S M, ZHANG L H, LI C, et al. Growth, thermal conductivity, spectra, and 2 μm continuous-wave characteristics of Tm³⁺, Ho³⁺ co-doped LaF₃ crystal[J]. Journal of Luminescence, 2019, 210: 142-145.
[80] ZHANG Y S, CAI Y Q, XU B, et al. Extending the wavelength tunability from 2.01 to 2.1 μm and simultaneous dual-wavelength operation at 2.05 and 2.3 μm in diode-pumped Tm∶YLF lasers[J]. Journal of Luminescence, 2020, 218: 116873.
[81] PENG H Y, ZHANG K, ZHANG L H, et al. Spectral properties and laser performance of Tm, Ho∶LuLF₄ crystal[C]//Proc SPIE 7276, Photonics and Optoelectronics Meetings (POEM) 2008: Laser Technology and Applications, 2009, 7276: 185-192.
[82] 宁凯杰,彭海燕,赵呈春,等.Tm∶Ho∶LuLiF₄激光晶体生长和性能[C]//第十六届全国晶体生长与材料学术会议论文集-07新材料、新方法、新器件和设备.合肥,2012:18.
NING K J, PENG H Y, ZHAO C C, et al. Growth and properties of .Tm∶Ho∶LuLiF₄ laser crystal[C]//Proceedings of the 16th National Conference on Crystal Growth and Materials: 07 New Materials, New Methods, New Devices and Equipment. Heifei, 2012: 18(in Chinese).
[83] 徐林,唐玉龙,张帅一,等.高功率脉冲2 μm光纤主振荡功率放大器系统[J].中国激光,2010,37(9):2384-2388.
XU L, TANG Y L, ZHANG S Y, et al. High power pulsed 2 μm fiber main oscillator power-amplifier system[J]. Chinese Journal of Lasers, 2010,37(9):2384-2388(in Chinese).
[84] CHENG X J, XU J Q, HANG Y, et al. High-power diode-end-pumped Tm∶YAP and Tm∶YLF slab lasers[J]. Chinese Optics Letters, 2011, 9(9): 091406.
[85] DAI Y F, LI Y Y, ZOU X, et al. Compact passively Q-switched Tm∶YLF laser with a polycrystalline Cr∶ZnS saturable absorber[J]. Optics & Laser Technology, 2014, 57: 202-205.
[86] ZOU X, LENG Y X, LI Y Y, et al. Passively Q-switched mode-locked Tm∶LLF laser with a MoS₂ saturable absorber[J]. Chinese Optics Letters, 2015, 13(8): 081405.
[87] LÜ Y F, YIN X D, XIA J, et al. All-solid-state continuous-wave doubly resonant all-intracavity sum-frequency mixing blue laser at 488 nm[J]. Laser Physics Letters, 2009, 6(12): 860.
[88] ZHAO C C, ZHANG L H, HANG Y, et al. Optical spectroscopy of Nd³⁺ in LiLuF₄ single crystals[J]. Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, 2010, 43(49): 495403.
[89] ZHAO C C, HE M Z, HANG Y, et al. Spectroscopic characterization and diode-pumped 910 nm laser of Nd∶LiLuF₄ crystal[J]. Laser Physics, 2012, 22(5): 918-921.
[90] LI R, YU T, ZHANG L H, et al. 1047-nm all-solid-state laser based on Nd∶LuLF[J]. Chinese Optics Letters, 2011, 9(2): 55-56.
[91] ZHANG P X, YIN J G, ZHANG R, et al. Crystal growth, spectroscopic characterization and laser performance of Tm/Mg∶LiNbO₃ crystal[J]. Laser Physics, 2014, 24(3): 263-268
[92] WANG M, ZHANG S, TANG Y, et al. Performance of actively Q-switched Nd∶LiLuF₄ crystal end-pumped by a 792 nm laser diode[J]. Applied Physics B, 2011, 104(4): 829-833.
[93] LI H Q, ZHANG R, TANG Y L, et al. Efficient dual-wavelength Nd∶LuLiF₄ laser[J]. Optics Letters, 2013, 38(21): 4425-4428.
[94] ZHANG P X, WAN Y B, YIN J G, et al. Spectroscopic, thermal and laser characteristics of Nd∶LiLuF₄ for 1314 nm laser[J]. Laser Physics Letters, 2014, 11(11): 115803.
[95] HONG J Q, ZHANG L H, ZHANG P X, et al. Growth, optical characterization and evaluation of laser properties of Nd∶LaF₃ crystal[J]. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 2015, 646: 706-709.
[96] YANG Y L, ZHANG L H, QUAN C, et al. Growth, thermal, and polarized spectroscopic properties of Nd∶CeF₃ crystal for dual-wavelength lasers[J]. Journal of Luminescence, 2020, 227: 117558.
[97] HONG J Q, ZHANG L H, LI J, et al. Spectroscopic, thermal and CW dual-wavelength laser characteristics of Nd∶LaF₃ single crystal[J]. Optical Materials, 2016, 53: 10-13.
[98] YIN J G, HANG Y, LIANG X Y, et al. Yb, Na∶PbF₂: a potential new high-power laser material[J]. Optics Letters, 2010, 35(20): 3435-3437.
[99] YIN J G, HANG Y, HE X M, et al. Crystal growth and spectroscopic characterization of Yb-doped and Yb, Na-codoped PbF₂ laser crystals[J]. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 2011, 509(23): 6567-6570.
[100] YIN J G, HANG Y, HE X M, et al. Room-temperature diode-pumped Yb, Na∶PbF₂ laser[J]. Optics Letters, 2012, 37(1): 109-111.
[101] YIN J G, HANG Y, HE X M, et al. Direct comparison of Yb³⁺-doped LiYF₄ and LiLuF₄ as laser media at room-temperature[J]. Laser Physics Letters, 2012, 9(2): 126-130.
[102] AGNESI A, GREBORIO A, PIRZIO F, et al. Femtosecond Nd∶glass lasers pumped by single-mode laser diodes and mode locked with carbon nanotube or semiconductor saturable absorber mirrors[J]. IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics, 2012, 18(1): 74-80.
[103] RYAN J R, BEACH R. Optical absorption and stimulated emission of neodymium in yttrium lithium fluoride[J]. Josa B, 1992, 9(10): 1883-1887.
[104] LI C, LENG Y X, LI S M, et al. Demonstration of diode-pumped Yb∶LaF₃ and Tm, Ho∶LaF₃ lasers[J]. Applied Sciences, 2019, 9(2): 334.
[105] NAKATSU Y, NAGAO Y, KOZURU K, et al. High-efficiency blue and green laser diodes for laser displays[C]//SPIE OPTO. Proc SPIE 10918, Gallium Nitride Materials and Devices XIV, San Francisco, California, USA. 2019, 10918: 99-107.
[106] LING Z, YI Y, YANG Z, et al. All-solid-state dual end pumped YVO₄∶Nd/LBO blue laser with 21.8 W output power at 457 nm[J]. Optics and Spectroscopy, 2014, 116(3): 470-472.
[107] KANTOLA E, LEINONEN T, RANTA S N, et al. High-efficiency 20 W yellow VECSEL[J]. Optics Express, 2014, 22(6): 6372-6380.
[108] SANDROCK T, SCHEIFE H, HEUMANN E, et al. High-power continuous-wave upconversion fiber laser at room temperature[J]. Optics Letters, 1997, 22(11): 808-810.
[109] LI N, LIU B, SHI J J, et al. Research progress of rare-earth doped laser crystals in visible region[J]. Journal of Inorganic Materials, 2019, 34(6): 573.
[110] DORENBOS P. 5d-level energies of Ce³⁺ and the crystalline environment. I. Fluoride compounds[J]. Physical Review B Condensed Matter, 2000, 62(23): 15640-15649.
[111] BOWMAN S R, O'CONNOR S, CONDON N J. Diode pumped yellow dysprosium lasers[J]. Optics Express, 2012, 20(12): 12906-12911.
[112] LIMPERT J, ZELLMER H, RIEDEL P, et al. Laser oscillation in yellow and blue spectral range in Dy³⁺∶ZBLAN[J]. Electronics Letters, 2000, 36(16): 1386.
[113] QU B, XU B, LUO S Y, et al. InGaN-LD-pumped continuous-wave deep red laser at 670 nm in Pr³⁺∶LiYF₄ crystal[J]. IEEE Photonics Technology Letters, 2015, 27(4): 333-335.
[114] RICHTER A, HEUMANN E, HUBER G, et al. Power scaling of semiconductor laser pumped Praseodymium-lasers[J]. Optics Express, 2007, 15(8): 5172-5178.
[115] LI S M, ZHANG L H, ZHANG P X, et al. Spectroscopic characterizations of Dy∶LaF₃ crystal[J]. Infrared Physics & Technology, 2017, 87: 65-71.
[116] YANG Y L, ZHANG L H, LI S M, et al. Crystal growth and 570 nm emission of Dy³⁺ doped CeF₃ single crystal[J]. Journal of Luminescence, 2019, 215: 116707.
[117] ZHANG Y X, YANG Y L, ZHANG L H, et al. Watt-level continuous-wave and passively Q-switched red lasers pumped by a single blue laser diode[J]. Chinese Optics Letters, 2019, 17(7): 071402.