钙钛矿太阳能电池界面缺陷及其抑制方法

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 目前,绝大多数高效有机-无机卤化物钙钛矿(OIHP)太阳能电池都是由多晶钙钛矿薄膜构成,这些多晶薄膜表面或晶界往往含有大量的缺陷,将导致光生载流子发生非辐射复合,并诱导OIHP材料分解,从而使器件的光电转换效率(PCE)和稳定性降低。本综述分析了钙钛矿太阳能电池的缺陷类型及缺陷对钙钛矿太阳能电池(PSCs)性能的影响,详细介绍了通过钝化电极与传输层,或传输层与钙钛矿层间的界面缺陷以获得更高效率和高稳定性的钙钛矿太阳能电池方面的研究进展,展望了钝化分子的设计思路及钙钛矿光伏商业化应用所面临的挑战。

关键词: 钙钛矿太阳能电池, 有机-无机卤化物钙钛矿, 界面缺陷, 缺陷钝化, 电子传输层, 空穴传输层, 光电转换效率

Abstract: At present, most high-efficiency organic-inorganic halide perovskite (OIHP) solar cells are made of polycrystalline perovskite films, and the surface or grain boundaries of these polycrystalline films often contain a large number of defects. The defects in the OIHP film will lead to non-radiative recombination of photogenerated carriers and induce the decomposition of the OIHP material, resulting in a decrease in the power conversion efficiency (PCE) and stability of the device. In this review, the types of defects in perovskite solar cells and the effects of defects on the performance of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) were analyzed. The progress of passivation of interface defects between electrode and charge transport layer or between charge transport layer and perovskite layer to obtain higher efficiency and stability of perovskite solar cells is introduced in detail. The design ideas of passivation molecules and the challenges facing the commercial application of perovskite photovoltaics are prospected.

Key words: perovskite solar cell, organic-inorganic halide perovskite, interface defect, defect passivation, electron transport layer, hole transport layer, power conversion efficiency

中图分类号:

TB34
TM914.4

李宏, 廖鑫, 侯静, 徐众. 钙钛矿太阳能电池界面缺陷及其抑制方法[J]. 人工晶体学报, 2024, 53(1): 38-50.

LI Hong, LIAO Xin, HOU Jing, XU Zhong. Interface Defects of Perovskite Solar Cells and Their Suppression Methods[J]. JOURNAL OF SYNTHETIC CRYSTALS, 2024, 53(1): 38-50.

参考文献

[1] NATIONAL renewable energy laboratory. Best research-cell effciencies[EB/OL].[2023-04-20].http://www.nrel.gov/ pv/assets/pdfs/cell-pv-eff-emergingpv-rev211214.pdf.
[2] HUANG J, SHAO Y, DONG Q. Organometal trihalide perovskite single crystals: a next wave of materials for 25% efficiency photovoltaics and applications beyond?[J]. The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters, 2015, 6(16): 3218-3227.
[3] HUANG J, YUAN Y, SHAO Y, et al. Understanding the physical properties of hybrid perovskites for photovoltaic applications[J]. Nature Reviews Materials, 2017, 2(7): 17042.
[4] WERNER J, WALTER A, RUCAVADO E, et al. Zinc tin oxide as high-temperature stable recombination layer for mesoscopic perovskite/silicon monolithic tandem solar cells[J]. Applied Physics Letters, 2016, 109(23): 233902.
[5] ANARAKI E H, KERMANPUR A, STEIER L, et al. Highly efficient and stable planar perovskite solar cells by solution-processed tin oxide[J]. Energy & Environmental Science, 2016, 9(10): 3128-3134.
[6] BUSH K A, PALMSTROM A F, YU Z J, et al. 23.6%-efficient monolithic perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells with improved stability[J]. Nature Energy, 2017, 2(4): 17009.
[7] SAHLI F, WERNER J, KAMINO B A, et al. Fully textured monolithic perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells with 25.2% power conversion efficiency[J]. Nature Materials, 2018, 17(9): 820-826.
[8] YU Z, LEILAEIOUN M, HOLMAN Z. Selecting tandem partners for silicon solar cells[J]. Nature Energy, 2016, 1(11): 16137.
[9] EPERON G E, LEIJTENS T, BUSH K A, et al. Perovskite-perovskite tandem photovoltaics with optimized band gaps[J]. Science, 2016, 354(6314): 861-865.
[10] SHOCKLEY W, QUEISSER H J. Detailed balance limit of efficiency of p-n junction solar cells[J]. Journal of Applied Physics, 1961, 32(3): 510-519.
[11] AGIORGOUSIS M L, SUN Y Y, ZENG H, et al. Strong covalency-induced recombination centers in perovskite solar cell material CH₃NH₃PbI₃[J]. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 2014, 136(41): 14570-14575.
[12] YIN W, SHI T, YAN Y. Unusual defect physics in CH₃NH₃PbI₃ perovskite solar cell absorber[J]. Applied Physics Letters, 2014, 104(6): 063903.
[13] STEIRER K X, SCHULZ P, TEETER G, et al. Defect tolerance in methylammonium lead triiodide perovskite[J]. ACS Energy Letters, 2016, 1(2): 360-366.
[14] WALSH A, SCANLON D O, CHEN S, et al. Self-regulation mechanism for charged point defects in hybrid halide perovskites[J]. Angewandte Chemie, 2015, 127(6): 1811-1814.
[15] KIM J, LEE S H, LEE J H, et al. The role of intrinsic defects in methylammonium lead iodide perovskite[J]. The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters, 2014, 5(8): 1312-1317.
[16] BALL M J, PETROZZA A. Defects in perovskite-halides and their effects in solar cells[J]. Nature Energy, 2016, 1(11): 16149.
[17] STRANKS S D. Nonradiative losses in metal halide perovskites[J]. ACS Energy Letters, 2017, 2(7): 1515-1525.
[18] PAZOS L, XIAO T P, YABLONOVITCH E. Fundamental efficiency limit of lead iodide perovskite solar cells[J]. The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters, 2018, 9(7): 1703-1711.
[19] TRESS W, MARINOVA N, INGANÄS O, et al. Predicting the open-circuit voltage of CH₃NH₃PbI₃ Perovskite solar cells using electroluminescence and photovoltaic quantum efficiency spectra: the role of radiative and non-radiative recombination[J]. Advanced Energy Materials, 2015, 5(3): 1400812.
[20] SHAO Y, XIAO Z, BI C, et al. Origin and elimination of photocurrent hysteresis by fullerene passivation in CH₃NH₃PbI₃ planar heterojunction solar cells[J]. Nature Communications, 2014, 5: 5784.
[21] ABATE A, SALIBA M, HOLLMAN D J, et al. Supramolecular halogen bond passivation of organic-inorganic halide perovskite solar cells[J]. Nano Letters, 2014, 14(6): 3247-3254.
[22] SHOCKLEY W, READ W T. Statistics of the recombinations of holes and electrons[J]. Physical Review, 1952, 87(5): 835-842.
[23] CAO Y, GAO F, XIANG L, et al. Defects passivation strategy for efficient and stable perovskite solar cells[J]. Advanced Materials Interfaces, 2022, 9(21): 2200179.
[24] TRESS W, MARINOVA N, MOEHL T, et al. Understanding the rate-dependent J-V hysteresis, slow time component, and aging in CH₃NH₃PbI₃ perovskite solar cells: the role of a compensated electric field[J]. Energy & Environmental Science, 2015, 8(3): 995-1004.
[25] CHEN B, YANG M, PRIYA S, et al. Origin of J-V hysteresis in perovskite solar cells[J]. The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters, 2016, 7(5): 905-917.
[26] AZPIROZ J M, MOSCONI E, BISQUERT J, et al. Defect migration in methylammonium lead iodide and its role in perovskite solar cell operation[J]. Energy & Environmental Science, 2015, 8(7): 2118-2127.
[27] EAMES C, FROST J M, BARNES P R F, et al. Ionic transport in hybrid lead iodide perovskite solar cells[J]. Nature Communications, 2015, 6: 7497.
[28] YUAN Y, HUANG J. Ion migration in organometal trihalide perovskite and its impact on photovoltaic efficiency and stability[J]. Accounts of Chemical Research, 2016, 49(2): 286-293.
[29] XING J, WANG Q, DONG Q, et al. Ultrafast ion migration in hybrid perovskite polycrystalline thin films under light and suppression in single crystals[J]. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics: PCCP, 2016, 18(44): 30484-30490.
[30] KANG D H, PARK N G. On the current-voltage hysteresis in perovskite solar cells: dependence on perovskite composition and methods to remove hysteresis[J]. Advanced Materials, 2019, 31(34): 1805214.
[31] HOKE E T, SLOTCAVAGE D J, DOHNER E R, et al. Reversible photo-induced trap formation in mixed-halide hybrid perovskites for photovoltaics[J]. Chemical Science, 2015, 6(1): 613-617.
[32] BISCHAK C G, HETHERINGTON C L, WU H, et al. Origin of reversible photoinduced phase separation in hybrid perovskites[J]. Nano Letters, 2017, 17(2): 1028-1033.
[33] SHEN H, OMELCHENKO S T, JACOBS D A, et al. In situ recombination junction between p-Si and TiO₂ enables high-efficiency monolithic perovskite/Si tandem cells[J]. Science Advances, 2018, 4(12): eaau9711.
[34] KIM H S, SEO J Y, PARK N G. Material and device stability in perovskite solar cells[J]. ChemSusChem, 2016, 9(18): 2528-2540.
[35] AHN N, SON D Y, JANG I H, et al. Highly reproducible perovskite solar cells with average efficiency of 18.3% and best efficiency of 19.7% fabricated via lewis base adduct of lead(II) iodide[J]. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 2015, 137(27): 8696-8699.
[36] ZHANG F, XIAO C, CHEN X, et al. Self-seeding growth for perovskite solar cells with enhanced stability[J]. Joule, 2019, 3(6): 1452-1463.
[37] FORTUNATO E, GINLEY D, HOSONO H, et al. Transparent conducting oxides for photovoltaics[J]. MRS Bulletin, 2007, 32(3): 242-247.
[38] TAYLOR M P, READEY D W, VAN HEST M F A M, et al. The remarkable thermal stability of amorphous In-Zn-O transparent conductors[J]. Advanced Functional Materials, 2008, 18(20): 3169-3178.
[39] DOU B, MILLER E M, CHRISTIANS J A, et al. High-performance flexible perovskite solar cells on ultrathin glass: implications of the TCO[J]. The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters, 2017, 8(19): 4960-4966.
[40] BOSCARINO S, CRUPI I, MIRABELLA S, et al. TCO/Ag/TCO transparent electrodes for solar cells application[J]. Applied Physics A, 2014, 116(3): 1287-1291.
[41] TORRISI G, CAVALIERE E, BANFI F, et al. Ag cluster beam deposition for TCO/Ag/TCO multilayer[J]. Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, 2019, 199: 114-121.
[42] BAI S, GUO X, CHEN T, et al. Solution process fabrication of silver nanowire composite transparent conductive films with tunable work function[J]. Thin Solid Films, 2020, 709: 138096.
[43] ZHOU H, CHEN Q, LI G, et al. Interface engineering of highly efficient perovskite solar cells[J]. Science, 2014, 345(6196): 542-546.
[44] MA J, YANG G, QIN M, et al. MgO nanoparticle modified anode for highly efficient SnO₂-based planar perovskite solar cells[J]. Advanced Science, 2017, 4(9): 1700031.
[45] ALTINKAYA C, AYDIN E, UGUR E, et al. Tin oxide electron-selective layers for efficient, stable, and scalable perovskite solar cells[J]. Advanced Materials, 2021, 33(15): 2005504.
[46] SEOK S I, GRÄTZEL M, PARK N G. Methodologies toward highly efficient perovskite solar cells[J]. Small, 2018, 14(20): 1704177.
[47] LEIJTENS T, EPERON G E, PATHAK S, et al. Overcoming ultraviolet light instability of sensitized TiO₂ with meso-superstructured organometal tri-halide perovskite solar cells[J]. Nature Communications, 2013, 4: 2885.
[48] LEE S W, KIM S, BAE S, et al. Enhanced UV stability of perovskite solar cells with a SrO interlayer[J]. Organic Electronics, 2018, 63: 343-348.
[49] ZAKY A A, CHRISTOPOULOS E, GKINI K, et al. Enhancing efficiency and decreasing photocatalytic degradation of perovskite solar cells using a hydrophobic copper-modified titania electron transport layer[J]. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 2021, 284: 119714.
[50] SIRIPRAPARAT A, PONCHAI J, KANJANABOOS P, et al. Efficiency enhancement of perovskite solar cells by using Ag- or Ag-Cu composite-doped surface passivation of the electron transport layer[J]. Applied Surface Science, 2021, 562: 150147.
[51] LIU X, WU J, LI G, et al. Defect control strategy by bifunctional thioacetamide at low temperature for highly efficient planar perovskite solar cells[J]. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 2020, 12(11): 12883-12891.
[52] DING B, ZHAO X, WANG S, et al. Mechanism of improving the performance of perovskite solar cells through alkali metal bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide modifying mesoporous titania electron transport layer[J]. Journal of Power Sources, 2021, 484: 229275.
[53] TAN H, JAIN A, VOZNYY O, et al. Efficient and stable solution-processed planar perovskite solar cells via contact passivation[J]. Science, 2017, 355(6326): 722-726.
[54] GONG J, YANG M, REBOLLAR D, et al. Divalent anionic doping in perovskite solar cells for enhanced chemical stability[J]. Advanced Materials, 2018, 30(34): 1800973.
[55] YANG G, CHEN C, YAO F, et al. Effective carrier-concentration tuning of SnO₂ quantum dot electron-selective layers for high-performance planar perovskite solar cells[J]. Advanced Materials, 2018, 30(14): 1706023.
[56] WANG Z, KAMARUDIN M A, HUEY N C, et al. Interfacial sulfur functionalization anchoring SnO₂ and CH₃NH₃PbI₃ for enhanced stability and trap passivation in perovskite solar cells[J]. ChemSusChem, 2018, 11(22): 3941-3948.
[57] AI Y, LIU W, SHOU C, et al. SnO₂ surface defects tuned by (NH₄)₂S for high-efficiency perovskite solar cells[J]. Solar Energy, 2019, 194: 541-547.
[58] WANG Z, WU T, XIAO L, et al. Multifunctional potassium hexafluorophosphate passivate interface defects for high efficiency perovskite solar cells[J]. Journal of Power Sources, 2021, 488: 229451.
[59] BI H, LIU B, HE D, et al. Interfacial defect passivation and stress release by multifunctional KPF₆ modification for planar perovskite solar cells with enhanced efficiency and stability[J]. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2021, 418: 129375.
[60] WANG H, LI F, WANG P, et al. Chlorinated fullerene dimers for interfacial engineering toward stable planar perovskite solar cells with 22.3% efficiency[J]. Advanced Energy Materials, 2020, 10(21): 2000615.
[61] LIU K, CHEN S, WU J, et al. Fullerene derivative anchored SnO₂ for high-performance perovskite solar cells[J]. Energy & Environmental Science, 2018, 11(12): 3463-3471.
[62] TIAN C, LIN K, LU J, et al. Interfacial bridge using a cis-fulleropyrrolidine for efficient planar perovskite solar cells with enhanced stability[J]. Small Methods, 2020, 4(5): 1900476.
[63] HUANG S K, WANG Y C, KE W C, et al. Unravelling the origin of the photocarrier dynamics of fullerene-derivative passivation of SnO₂ electron transporters in perovskite solar cells[J]. Journal of Materials Chemistry A, 2020, 8(44): 23607-23616.
[64] SUN Y, ZHANG J, YU H, et al. Mechanism of bifunctional p-amino benzenesulfonic acid modified interface in perovskite solar cells[J]. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2021, 420: 129579.
[65] TSAREV S, OLTHOF S, BOLDYREVA A G, et al. Reactive modification of zinc oxide with methylammonium iodide boosts the operational stability of perovskite solar cells[J]. Nano Energy, 2021, 83: 105774.
[66] ZUO L, GU Z, YE T, et al. Enhanced photovoltaic performance of CH₃NH₃PbI₃ perovskite solar cells through interfacial engineering using self-assembling monolayer[J]. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 2015, 137(7): 2674-2679.
[67] HAWASH Z, RAGA S R, SON D Y, et al. Interfacial modification of perovskite solar cells using an ultrathin MAI layer leads to enhanced energy level alignment, efficiencies, and reproducibility[J]. The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters, 2017, 8(17): 3947-3953.
[68] CHO K T, PAEK S, GRANCINI G, et al. Highly efficient perovskite solar cells with a compositionally engineered perovskite/hole transporting material interface[J]. Energy & Environmental Science, 2017, 10(2): 621-627.
[69] ZHOU Q, LIANG L, HU J, et al. High-performance perovskite solar cells with enhanced environmental stability based on a (p-FC₆H₄C₂H₄NH₃)₂[PbI₄] capping layer[J]. Advanced Energy Materials, 2019, 9(12): 1802595.
[70] MA C, PARK N G. Paradoxical approach with a hydrophilic passivation layer for moisture-stable, 23% efficient perovskite solar cells[J]. ACS Energy Letters, 2020, 5(10): 3268-3275.
[71] LIU Y, AKIN S, PAN L, et al. Ultrahydrophobic 3D/2D fluoroarene bilayer-based water-resistant perovskite solar cells with efficiencies exceeding 22[J]. Science Advances, 2019, 5(6): eaaw2543.
[72] ZHU H, LIU Y, EICKEMEYER F T, et al. Tailored amphiphilic molecular mitigators for stable perovskite solar cells with 23.5% efficiency[J]. Advanced Materials, 2020, 32(12): 1907757.
[73] JIANG Q, ZHAO Y, ZHANG X, et al. Surface passivation of perovskite film for efficient solar cells[J]. Nature Photonics, 2019, 13(7): 460-466.
[74] ALHARBI E A, ALYAMANI A Y, KUBICKI D J, et al. Atomic-level passivation mechanism of ammonium salts enabling highly efficient perovskite solar cells[J]. Nature Communications, 2019, 10: 3008.
[75] LUO D, YANG W, WANG Z, et al. Enhanced photovoltage for inverted planar heterojunction perovskite solar cells[J]. Science, 2018, 360(6396): 1442-1446.
[76] QIAN F, YUAN S, CAI Y, et al. Novel surface passivation for stable FA_0.85 MA_0.15 PbI₃ perovskite solar cells with 21.6% efficiency[J]. Solar RRL, 2019, 3(7): 1900072.
[77] LUO J, XIA J, YANG H, et al. Novel approach toward hole-transporting layer doped by hydrophobic Lewis acid through infiltrated diffusion doping for perovskite solar cells[J]. Nano Energy, 2020, 70: 104509.
[78] WU Y, YANG X, CHEN W, et al. Perovskite solar cells with 18.21% efficiency and area over 1 cm² fabricated by heterojunction engineering[J]. Nature Energy, 2016, 1: 16148.
[79] FU Q, XIAO S, TANG X, et al. Amphiphilic fullerenes employed to improve the quality of perovskite films and the stability of perovskite solar cells[J]. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 2019, 11(27): 24782-24788.
[80] ZHANG H, WU Y, SHEN C, et al. Efficient and stable chemical passivation on perovskite surface via bidentate anchoring[J]. Advanced Energy Materials, 2019, 9(13): 1803573.
[81] LIU L, HUANG S, LU Y, et al. Grain-boundary “patches” by in situ conversion to enhance perovskite solar cells stability[J]. Advanced Materials, 2018, 30(29): 1800544.
[82] WANG R, XUE J, WANG K L, et al. Constructive molecular configurations for surface-defect passivation of perovskite photovoltaics[J]. Science, 2019, 366(6472): 1509-1513.
[83] KOUSHIK D, VERHEES W J H, KUANG Y, et al. High-efficiency humidity-stable planar perovskite solar cells based on atomic layer architecture[J]. Energy & Environmental Science, 2017, 10(1): 91-100.
[84] WANG H, ZHAO Y, WANG Z, et al. Hermetic seal for perovskite solar cells: an improved plasma enhanced atomic layer deposition encapsulation[J]. Nano Energy, 2020, 69: 104375.
[85] BI D, YI C, LUO J, et al. Polymer-templated nucleation and crystal growth of perovskite films for solar cells with efficiency greater than 21%[J]. Nature Energy, 2016, 1: 16142.
[86] CHAUDHARY B, KULKARNI A, JENA A K, et al. Poly(4-vinylpyridine)-based interfacial passivation to enhance voltage and moisture stability of lead halide perovskite solar cells[J]. ChemSusChem, 2017, 10(11): 2473-2479.
[87] GUO P, YE Q, LIU C, et al. Double barriers for moisture degradation: assembly of hydrolysable hydrophobic molecules for stable perovskite solar cells with high open-circuit voltage[J]. Advanced Functional Materials, 2020, 30(28): 2002639.
[88] MENG L, SUN C, WANG R, et al. Tailored phase conversion under conjugated polymer enables thermally stable perovskite solar cells with efficiency exceeding 21[J]. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 2018, 140(49): 17255-17262.
[89] XU W, ZHU T, WU H, et al. Poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate as the passivation layer for high-performance perovskite solar cells[J]. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 2020, 12(40): 45045-45055.
[90] WANG Y, WU T, Barbaud J, et al. Stabilizing heterostructures of soft perovskite semiconductors[J]. Science, 2019, 365(6454): 687-691.
[91] WU S, ZHANG J, LI Z, et al. Modulation of defects and interfaces through alkylammonium interlayer for efficient inverted perovskite solar cells[J]. Joule, 2020, 4(6): 1248-1262.
[92] LIU X, CHENG Y, TANG B, et al. Shallow defects levels and extract detrapped charges to stabilize highly efficient and hysteresis-free perovskite photovoltaic devices[J]. Nano Energy, 2020, 71: 104556.
[93] CHEN W, ZHOU Y, CHEN G, et al. Alkali chlorides for the suppression of the interfacial recombination in inverted planar perovskite solar cells[J]. Advanced Energy Materials, 2019, 9(19): 1803872.
[94] CHENG Y, LI M, LIU X, et al. Impact of surface dipole in NiO_x on the crystallization and photovoltaic performance of organometal halide perovskite solar cells[J]. Nano Energy, 2019, 61: 496-504.
[95] SHI H, LIU C, JIANG Q, et al. Effective approaches to improve the electrical conductivity of PEDOT∶PSS: a review[J]. Advanced Electronic Materials, 2015, 1(4): 1500017.
[96] HU X, MENG X, ZHANG L, et al. A mechanically robust conducting polymer network electrode for efficient flexible perovskite solar cells[J]. Joule, 2019, 3(9): 2205-2218.