Journal of Synthetic Crystals ›› 2026, Vol. 55 ›› Issue (9): 1323-1343.DOI: 10.16553/j.cnki.issn1000-985x.2026.0100
XIAO Fan1,2(
), YANG Xiaoming1,2(
), LONG Xifa1,2, PAN Shilie1,2
Received:2026-05-25
Online:2026-09-20
Published:2026-09-29
Contact:
YANG Xiaoming
CLC Number:
XIAO Fan, YANG Xiaoming, LONG Xifa, PAN Shilie. Research Progress on c-Site Doping for Single Crystal Growth and Magneto-Optical Performance Optimization of Yttrium Iron Garnet[J]. Journal of Synthetic Crystals, 2026, 55(9): 1323-1343.
Fig.5 XRD pattern and crystal structure of YIG single crystal[43]. (a) XRD pattern and standard diffraction card; (b) garnet structure; (c) positions and sublattice structure of positive ions; (d) oxygen coordination of positive ions
| Ion | Ionic radius/nm | Ion | Ionic radius/nm | Ion | Ionic radius/nm |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pb2+ | 0.129 0 | Nd3+ | 0.112 0 | Y3+ | 0.101 6 |
| La3+ | 0.119 0 | Sm3+ | 0.108 7 | Ho3+ | 0.101 5 |
| Ce3+ | 0.115 5 | Eu3+ | 0.103 7 | Er3+ | 0.100 4 |
| Pr3+ | 0.113 7 | Gd3+ | 0.105 7 | Tm3+ | 0.099 1 |
| Bi3+ | 0.113 2 | Tb3+ | 0.104 4 | Yb3+ | 0.098 1 |
| Ca2+ | 0.112 4 | Dy3+ | 0.103 0 | Lu3+ | 0.097 2 |
Table 1 Lattice sites and ion radius of elements substituted into YIG (the effective ion radius by dodecahedron crystalline field, CN=8, 24c lattice site)[56,62?64]
| Ion | Ionic radius/nm | Ion | Ionic radius/nm | Ion | Ionic radius/nm |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pb2+ | 0.129 0 | Nd3+ | 0.112 0 | Y3+ | 0.101 6 |
| La3+ | 0.119 0 | Sm3+ | 0.108 7 | Ho3+ | 0.101 5 |
| Ce3+ | 0.115 5 | Eu3+ | 0.103 7 | Er3+ | 0.100 4 |
| Pr3+ | 0.113 7 | Gd3+ | 0.105 7 | Tm3+ | 0.099 1 |
| Bi3+ | 0.113 2 | Tb3+ | 0.104 4 | Yb3+ | 0.098 1 |
| Ca2+ | 0.112 4 | Dy3+ | 0.103 0 | Lu3+ | 0.097 2 |
| Ion | Ionic radius/nm | Ion | Ionic radius/nm | Ion | Ionic radius/nm |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Yb3+ | 0.086 8 | Zr4+ | 0.074 5 | Pt4+ | 0.062 5 |
| Lu3+ | 0.086 1 | Zn2+ | 0.074 0 | Ga3+ | 0.061 5 |
| In3+ | 0.079 2 | Cu2+ | 0.073 0 | Cr3+ | 0.061 2 |
| Fe2+ | 0.078 0 | Mg2+ | 0.072 0 | Fe4+ | 0.058 5 |
| Co2+ | 0.074 5 | Sn4+ | 0.070 8 | Ti4+ | 0.058 2 |
| Sc3+ | 0.074 5 | Fe3+ | 0.064 2 | Al3+ | 0.053 9 |
Table 2 Lattice sites and ion radius of elements substituted into YIG (the effective ion radius by octahedron crystalline field, CN=6, 16a lattice site)[56,62?64]
| Ion | Ionic radius/nm | Ion | Ionic radius/nm | Ion | Ionic radius/nm |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Yb3+ | 0.086 8 | Zr4+ | 0.074 5 | Pt4+ | 0.062 5 |
| Lu3+ | 0.086 1 | Zn2+ | 0.074 0 | Ga3+ | 0.061 5 |
| In3+ | 0.079 2 | Cu2+ | 0.073 0 | Cr3+ | 0.061 2 |
| Fe2+ | 0.078 0 | Mg2+ | 0.072 0 | Fe4+ | 0.058 5 |
| Co2+ | 0.074 5 | Sn4+ | 0.070 8 | Ti4+ | 0.058 2 |
| Sc3+ | 0.074 5 | Fe3+ | 0.064 2 | Al3+ | 0.053 9 |
| Ion | Ionic radius/nm | Ion | Ionic radius/nm | Ion | Ionic radius/nm |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fe3+ | 0.049 2 | Al3+ | 0.039 0 | V5+ | 0.037 0 |
| Ga3+ | 0.047 2 | Ge4+ | 0.039 0 | Si4+ | 0.027 9 |
Table 3 Lattice sites and ion radius of elements substituted into YIG (the effective ion radius by tetrahedron crystalline field, CN=4, 24d lattice site)[56,62?64]
| Ion | Ionic radius/nm | Ion | Ionic radius/nm | Ion | Ionic radius/nm |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fe3+ | 0.049 2 | Al3+ | 0.039 0 | V5+ | 0.037 0 |
| Ga3+ | 0.047 2 | Ge4+ | 0.039 0 | Si4+ | 0.027 9 |
| Ion species | Electronic configuration | Oxidation state | Ion species | Electronic configuration | Oxidation state |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| La | [Xe]4f05d16s2 | +3 | Tb | [Xe]4f96s2 | +3,+4 |
| Ce | [Xe]4f15d16s2 | +3,+4 | Dy | [Xe]4f106s2 | +3 |
| Pr | [Xe]4f36s2 | +3,+4 | Ho | [Xe]4f116s2 | +3 |
| Nd | [Xe]4f46s2 | +3 | Er | [Xe]4f126s2 | +3 |
| Pm | [Xe]4f56s2 | +3 | Tm | [Xe]4f136s2 | +2,+3 |
| Sm | [Xe]4f66s2 | +2,+3 | Yb | [Xe]4f146s2 | +2,+3 |
| Eu | [Xe]4f76s2 | +2,+3 | Lu | [Xe]4f145d16s2 | +3 |
| Gd | [Xe]4f75d16s2 | +3 | Bi | [Xe]4f145d106s26p3 | +3 |
Table 4 Electronic configuration and oxidation states of (like-) rare earth elements
| Ion species | Electronic configuration | Oxidation state | Ion species | Electronic configuration | Oxidation state |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| La | [Xe]4f05d16s2 | +3 | Tb | [Xe]4f96s2 | +3,+4 |
| Ce | [Xe]4f15d16s2 | +3,+4 | Dy | [Xe]4f106s2 | +3 |
| Pr | [Xe]4f36s2 | +3,+4 | Ho | [Xe]4f116s2 | +3 |
| Nd | [Xe]4f46s2 | +3 | Er | [Xe]4f126s2 | +3 |
| Pm | [Xe]4f56s2 | +3 | Tm | [Xe]4f136s2 | +2,+3 |
| Sm | [Xe]4f66s2 | +2,+3 | Yb | [Xe]4f146s2 | +2,+3 |
| Eu | [Xe]4f76s2 | +2,+3 | Lu | [Xe]4f145d16s2 | +3 |
| Gd | [Xe]4f75d16s2 | +3 | Bi | [Xe]4f145d106s26p3 | +3 |
Fig.7 Thermogravimetric analysis and magnetic properties of Bi∶YIG[83]. (a) TG and DTA curves of Y2.0Bi1.0Fe5O12 precursor;(b) hysteresis loop curve of Y3Fe5O12 particles; (c) variation of saturation magnetization (MS) with the average particle size (D);(d) variation of saturation magnetization (MS) with the Bi concentration (x)
Fig.9 Magneto-optical properties of Ce∶YIG[47]. (a) Faraday rotation angle curve of Ce∶YIG at room temperature; (b) Faraday rotation versus magnetic hysteresis loops in a magnetic field for a 200 μm-thick Ce0.349Eu0.195Y2.456Fe5O12 single crystal slice sample at a wavelength of 1 150 nm; (c) Ce content dependence of the specific Faraday rotation at 780 and 1 150 nm, Faraday rotation of Bi-substituted garnets also shown for comparison; (d) near infrared transmission spectrum of Ce0.349Eu0.195Y2.456Fe5O12 crystal at room temperature
Fig.10 Crystal morphology and phase analysis of Gd∶YIG[103]. (a) As-grown Gd∶YIG crystal; (b) powder XRD patterns of Gd∶YIG crystal; (c) unit cell structure; (d) infrared spectra of YIG and Gd∶YIG crystals
Fig.11 Magnetic properties of Gd∶YIG[103]. (a) Magnetic hysteresis loops at different annealing temperatures; (b) temperature variation curve of the Gd∶YIG crystal with magnetization intensity
Fig.12 Optical properties of Dy∶YIG[110]. (a) Transmittance curves of Y3-x Dy x Fe5O12(x=0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 3.0) at 800~2 400 nm; (b) energy level transition diagram of Dy3+; (c) variation of absorption coefficient for Y3-x Dy x Fe5O12; (d) optical band gap for Y3-x Dy x Fe5O12
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