Research Progress on Application of Pd-Based Anode Catalysts in Direct Ethanol Fuel Cells

doi:10.16553/j.cnki.issn1000-985x.2026.0029

Abstract

Abstract: Under the context of “dual carbon” goals （carbon peaking and carbon neutrality），direct ethanol fuel cells （DEFCs） have been extensively investigated owing to their high efficiency and low pollution emissions. The energy conversion process of DEFCs is heavily dependent upon the efficacy of catalysts，whereas the anode catalysts are prone to deactivation caused by the accumulation and adsorption of reaction intermediates. The catalytic activity of materials can be substantially enhanced and the efficient utilization of catalysts can be achieved through rational structural design. Based on this perspective，starting from the construction strategies of Pd-based anode catalysts，the current design concepts for anode catalysts in DEFCs are explicitly categorized into three classes of morphology engineering based on material structures，electronic state modulation based on active sites，and synergistic optimization based on support and interface engineering. The Pd-based catalyst performance and design strategies in alkaline are systematically compared. Meanwhile，combined with the superior catalytic performance demonstrated in ethanol oxidation，the control mechanisms of poisoning intermediates are further analyzed as follows： 1） C—C bond cleavage pathway regulation—poisoning precursor elimination； 2） d-band center modulation—the weakening of adsorption of poisoning species； 3） enhanced supply of adsorbed hydroxyl species （OH_ads）—accelerated oxidative removal. Furthermore，catalyst stability is addressed as a central scientific issue，with a systematic review of the major deactivation mechanisms of Pd-based catalysts （Pd dissolution，Ostwald ripening，support corrosion，and strong adsorption of intermediates） and corresponding design countermeasures. Regarding current research on Pd-based anode catalysts，priority should be given to solve the stability bottleneck of catalysts while considering catalyst stability. Combined with in-situ characterization techniques，the exploration and interpretation of catalytic mechanisms should be conducted，followed by synergistic optimization from multiple dimensions including composition，structure，and support materials，thereby gradually overcoming the challenges in scalable and controllable construction of highly efficient and stable Pd-based catalysts.

Key words: direct ethanol fuel cell （DEFC）; ethanol oxidation; Pd-based; anode catalyst; stability; deactivation mechanism

CLC Number:

TM911.4

LIANG Yinyin, NAN Xu, WEI Bangzhi, WU Zhichao, LIU Fei, ZHANG Qin, WANG Dun. Research Progress on Application of Pd-Based Anode Catalysts in Direct Ethanol Fuel Cells[J]. Journal of Synthetic Crystals, 2026, 55(6): 830-842.

Figures/Tables 3

References 77

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Catalyst	Solution	ECSA/ （m²·g^-1）	Specific activity/（mA·cm^-2）	Mass activity/ （mA·mg_Pd^-1）	Stability	Reference
Pd/ZnO/MDC_（800）	1 mol/L KOH+1 mol/L CH₃CH₂OH	36.37		1 838.30	Near 300 mA·mg_Pd^-1 after 10 h	［10］
PdAuCu NPs-0.5	1 mol/L KOH+1 mol/L CH₃CH₂OH	217.49		22 997	2 000 mA·mg_Pd^-1 after 3 600 s	［21］
In₃Pd₂	1 mol/L KOH+1 mol/L CH₃CH₂OH	76.51		2 820	675.8 mA·mg_Pd^-1 after 2 100 s	［22］
In₃Pd₅	1 mol/L KOH+1 mol/L CH₃CH₂OH	73.28		1 980	NA	［22］
PdCuIn NPs	1 mol/L KOH+1 mol/L CH₃CH₂OH	250		15 540	220 mA·mg_Pd^-1 after 3 600 s	［23］
PdAg-0.1PVP/C	1 mol/L KOH+1 mol/L CH₃CH₂OH	60.1	19.1	9 745	736 mA·mg_Pd^-1 after 1 000 s	［50］
PdAu@N10.69C	1 mol/L KOH+1 mol/L CH₃CH₂OH	72.55	13.2	9 700	4.1 A·mg_Pd^-1 after 6 000 s	［59］
PdPt@s-EPS	1 mol/L KOH+1 mol/L CH₃CH₂OH	291.0	3.89	1 130	2.87 times of Pt/C after 20 000 s	［60］
Au@Pd NDs	1 mol/L KOH+1 mol/L CH₃CH₂OH	228.72		1 746.0	144.6 mA·mg_Pd^-1 after 3 600 s	［65］
PdCuB@N-G	1 mol/L KOH+1 mol/L CH₃CH₂OH	~83		5 830	3.62 A·mg_Pd^-1 after 5 000 cycles	［68］
Pd/Hy-1	0.5 mol/L KOH+0.5 mol/L CH₃CH₂OH	17.62		425		［63］
Pd₂Cu/Ni₂P-C	1 mol/L KOH+1 mol/L CH₃CH₂OH	108.68	3.656 7	3 974.08	45 mA·mg_Pd^-1 after 1 000 s	［64］
0D-2D PdPt NCs	0.5 mol/L KOH+1 mol/L CH₃CH₂OH	44	17.81	7 840	Near 2 000 mA·mg_Pd^-1 after 3 600 s	［47］
Pd-Cu/gC₃N₄	0.5 mol/L KOH+1 mol/L CH₃CH₂OH	54	4.54			［69］
Pd₉₀Cu₁₀B/GN	1 mol/L KOH+1 mol/L CH₃CH₂OH	112.00		975	65.4% of the highest current density after 1 000 cycles	［70］

Catalyst	Solution	ECSA/ （m²·g^-1）	Specific activity/（mA·cm^-2）	Mass activity/ （mA·mg_Pd^-1）	Stability	Reference
Pd/ZnO/MDC_（800）	1 mol/L KOH+1 mol/L CH₃CH₂OH	36.37		1 838.30	Near 300 mA·mg_Pd^-1 after 10 h	［10］
PdAuCu NPs-0.5	1 mol/L KOH+1 mol/L CH₃CH₂OH	217.49		22 997	2 000 mA·mg_Pd^-1 after 3 600 s	［21］
In₃Pd₂	1 mol/L KOH+1 mol/L CH₃CH₂OH	76.51		2 820	675.8 mA·mg_Pd^-1 after 2 100 s	［22］
In₃Pd₅	1 mol/L KOH+1 mol/L CH₃CH₂OH	73.28		1 980	NA	［22］
PdCuIn NPs	1 mol/L KOH+1 mol/L CH₃CH₂OH	250		15 540	220 mA·mg_Pd^-1 after 3 600 s	［23］
PdAg-0.1PVP/C	1 mol/L KOH+1 mol/L CH₃CH₂OH	60.1	19.1	9 745	736 mA·mg_Pd^-1 after 1 000 s	［50］
PdAu@N10.69C	1 mol/L KOH+1 mol/L CH₃CH₂OH	72.55	13.2	9 700	4.1 A·mg_Pd^-1 after 6 000 s	［59］
PdPt@s-EPS	1 mol/L KOH+1 mol/L CH₃CH₂OH	291.0	3.89	1 130	2.87 times of Pt/C after 20 000 s	［60］
Au@Pd NDs	1 mol/L KOH+1 mol/L CH₃CH₂OH	228.72		1 746.0	144.6 mA·mg_Pd^-1 after 3 600 s	［65］
PdCuB@N-G	1 mol/L KOH+1 mol/L CH₃CH₂OH	~83		5 830	3.62 A·mg_Pd^-1 after 5 000 cycles	［68］
Pd/Hy-1	0.5 mol/L KOH+0.5 mol/L CH₃CH₂OH	17.62		425		［63］
Pd₂Cu/Ni₂P-C	1 mol/L KOH+1 mol/L CH₃CH₂OH	108.68	3.656 7	3 974.08	45 mA·mg_Pd^-1 after 1 000 s	［64］
0D-2D PdPt NCs	0.5 mol/L KOH+1 mol/L CH₃CH₂OH	44	17.81	7 840	Near 2 000 mA·mg_Pd^-1 after 3 600 s	［47］
Pd-Cu/gC₃N₄	0.5 mol/L KOH+1 mol/L CH₃CH₂OH	54	4.54			［69］
Pd₉₀Cu₁₀B/GN	1 mol/L KOH+1 mol/L CH₃CH₂OH	112.00		975	65.4% of the highest current density after 1 000 cycles	［70］