Imidazolium Ionic Liquid-Modified Perovskite Solar Cells and Its Performance Characteristics

doi:10.16553/j.cnki.issn1000-985x.2025.0005

Abstract

Abstract: Wide-bandgap perovskite solar cells are a key component of silicon-perovskite tandem solar cells. However， the development of wide-bandgap perovskite solar cells has been hindered by issues such as high defect density and severe non-radiative recombination in wide-bandgap perovskite materials. To address these issues， this study proposes a method for modifying perovskite films using the ionic liquid 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium methanesulfonate （BMM）. By investigating the effects of different BMM concentrations on perovskite films and their solar cell performance， it is found that optimizing the BMM additive amount can enhance crystallization quality and reduce internal film defects， thereby improving the performance of perovskite solar cells. Under optimal conditions， the perovskite solar cells achieved an efficiency of 20.27%， with significant improvements in various optoelectronic properties and excellent stability. These results strongly demonstrate that BMM， as an effective additive， holds great potential for the fabrication of high-quality perovskite films and the realization of high-performance devices， providing important insights references for future practical applications.

Key words: perovskite; additive; non-radiative recombination; passivation; crystallization modulation; photovoltaic performance; stability

CLC Number:

TM914.4

JIA Xuefeng, RUAN Miao, YE Linfeng, NI Yufeng, GUO Yonggang, GAO Peng. Imidazolium Ionic Liquid-Modified Perovskite Solar Cells and Its Performance Characteristics[J]. Journal of Synthetic Crystals, 2025, 54(5): 864-872.

Figures/Tables 10

Fig.1 Schematic diagram of the fabrication process of perovskite solar cells

Fig.2 SEM images of perovskite films with different concentrations of BMM

Fig.3 AFM images of perovskite films with different concentrations of BMM

Fig.4 XRD patterns of perovskite films with different concentrations of BMM

Fig.5 XPS survey spectra （a）， Pb 4f spectra （b）， I 3d spectra （c）， and FTIR spectra （d） of perovskite films without and with BMM

Fig.6 UV-Vis absorption spectra （a）， PL spectra （b）， and TRPL spectra （c） of perovskite films with different concentrations of BMM

Fig.7 Contact angle test of perovskite films with different concentrations of BMM

Fig.8 （a） Optimal J-V curves for the control cells， 0.5 mg/mL BMM cells， 1.0 mg/mL BMM cells， and 1.5 mg/mL BMM cells， the inset shows the optoelectronic performance parameters of perovskite solar cells with different BMM additions；（b） optimal J-V curves for forward and reverse scans of the 1 mg/mL BMM cells compared to the control cells

Fig.9 Mott-Schottky diagram

Fig.10 Humidity stability diagram

References 27

1	GREEN M A， EMERY K， HISHIKAWA Y， et al. Solar cell efficiency tables （version 49）［J］. Progress in Photovoltaics： Research and Applications， 2017， 25（1）： 3-13.
2	WANG R H， ZHU J W， YOU J Y， et al. Custom-tailored solvent engineering for efficient wide-bandgap perovskite solar cells with a wide processing window and low VOC losses［J］. Energy & Environmental Science.， 2024， 17（7）： 2662-2669.
3	YI Z J， WANG W H， HE R， et al. Achieving a high open-circuit voltage of 1.339 V in 1.77 eV wide-bandgap perovskite solar cells via self-assembled monolayers［J］. Energy & Environmental Science， 2024， 17（1）： 202-209.
4	李卓芯，冯旭铮，陈香港，等. 添加剂提高宽带隙钙钛矿太阳电池的性能［J］. 太阳能学报， 2024， 45（4）： 30-35.
	LI Z X， FENG X Z， CHEN X G， et al. Additive improves performance of wide bandgap perovskite solar cells［J］. Acta Energiae Solaris Sinica， 2024， 45（4）： 30-35 （in Chinese）.
5	胡　蝶，孙　庆，孟祥歆，等. 基于氨基酸衍生物盐酸盐添加剂制备高效稳定的钙钛矿太阳能电池［J］. 高等学校化学学报， 2024， 45（5）： 100-109.
	HU D， SUN Q， MENG X X， et al. Preparation of efficient and stable perovskite solar cells based on amino acid derivative hydrochloride additives［J］. Chemical Journal of Chinese Universities， 2024， 45（5）： 100-109 （in Chinese）.
6	HUANG T Y， TAN S， NURYYEVA S， et al. Performance-limiting formation dynamics in mixed-halide perovskites［J］. Science Advances， 2021， 7（46）： 1799.
7	UDDIN M A， RANA P J S， NI Z Y， et al. Iodide manipulation using zinc additives for efficient perovskite solar minimodules［J］. Nature Communications， 2024， 15（1）： 1355. DOI PMID
8	CAO Y， FENG J S， XU Z， et al. Bifunctional trifluorophenylacetic acid additive for stable and highly efficient flexible perovskite solar cell［J］. InfoMat， 2023， 5（10）： 12423.
9	ZHOU W W， TAI S Y， LI Y， et al. Achieving high-quality perovskite films with guanidine-based additives for efficient and stable methylammonium-free perovskite solar cells［J］. Advanced Functional Materials， 2024， 34（46）： 2407897.
10	张晓春，王立坤，商文丽，等. 基于双修饰策略制备高性能反式钙钛矿太阳能电池的研究［J］. 物理学报， 2024， 73（24）： 248401.
	ZHANG X C， WANG L K， SHANG W L， et al. Fabrication of high-performance inverted perovskite solar cells based on dual modification strategy［J］. Acta Physica Sinica， 2024， 73（24）： 248401 （in Chinese）.
11	NIZAMANI N， WANG K L， JIN R J， et al. Dual-functional group passivation to foster buried interface Cohesion for high-performance perovskite photovoltaics［J］. Chemical Engineering Journal， 2024， 498： 155183.
12	HUANG Y C， YAN K R， WANG X J， et al. High-efficiency inverted perovskite solar cells via in situ passivation directed crystallization［J］. Advanced Materials， 2024， 36（41）： 2408101.
13	MA Y Y， LI F M， GONG J， et al. Bi-molecular kinetic competition for surface passivation in high-performance perovskite solar cells［J］. Energy & Environmental Science， 2024， 17（4）： 1570-1579.
14	GAO H， XIAO K， LIN R X， et al. Homogeneous crystallization and buried interface passivation for perovskite tandem solar modules［J］. Science， 2024， 383（6685）： 855-859. DOI PMID
15	TU Y B， LI G D， YE J C， et al. Multifunctional imidazolidinyl urea additive initiated complex with PbI₂ toward efficient and stable perovskite solar cells［J］. Small， 2024， 20（19）： 2309033.
16	FENG Q F， HUANG X F， TANG Z H， et al. Governing PbI₆ octahedral frameworks for high-stability perovskite solar modules［J］. Energy & Environmental Science， 2022， 15（10）： 4404-4413.
17	ZHOU Q， HE D M， ZHUANG Q X， et al. Revealing steric-hindrance-dependent buried interface defect passivation mechanism in efficient and stable perovskite solar cells with mitigated tensile stress［J］. Advanced Functional Materials， 2022， 32（36）： 2205507.
18	CAO S G， BI Z N， ZHENG T J， et al. Revealing interaction of fluorinated propylamine hydrochloride with precursor and defect states of perovskite films toward efficient flexible solar cells［J］. Advanced Functional Materials， 2024， 34（42）： 2405078.
19	LIAO K J， LI C B， XIE L S， et al. Hot-casting large-grain perovskite film for efficient solar cells： film formation and device performance［J］. Nano-Micro Letters， 2020， 12（1）： 156.
20	CHENG C D， YAO Y G， LI L， et al. A novel organic phosphonate additive induced stable and efficient perovskite solar cells with efficiency over 24% enabled by synergetic crystallization promotion and defect passivation［J］. Nano Letters， 2023， 23（19）： 8850-8859.
21	WANG X Z， ZHAO Q Q， LI Z P， et al. Improved performance and stability of perovskite solar cells by iodine-immobilizing with small and flexible bis（amide） molecule［J］. Chemical Engineering Journal， 2023， 451： 138559.
22	WEN H X， ZHANG Z， GUO Y X， et al. Synergistic full-scale defect passivation enables high-efficiency and stable perovskite solar cells［J］. Advanced Energy Materials， 2023， 13（44）： 2301813.
23	YANG Y， CHANG Q， YANG Y Y， et al. Multifunctional molecule interface modification for high-performance inverted wide-bandgap perovskite cells and modules［J］. Journal of Materials Chemistry A， 2023， 11（31）： 16871-16877.
24	YI Z J， ZHANG W G， XIONG Y C， et al. Significant efficiency and stability enhancement of flexible perovskite solar cells combining with multifunctional effects of a natural spice［J］. Advanced Functional Materials， 2024， 34（9）： 2310194.
25	XIE J S， HUANG K， YU X G， et al. Enhanced electronic properties of SnO₂ via electron transfer from graphene quantum dots for efficient perovskite solar cells［J］. ACS Nano， 2017， 11（9）： 9176-9182.
26	KIM M， KIM G H， LEE T K， et al. Methylammonium chloride induces intermediate phase stabilization for efficient perovskite solar cells［J］. Joule， 2019， 3（9）： 2179-2192.
27	马逾辉. 缺陷钝化改善钙钛矿太阳能电池性能的研究［D］. 南京：南京邮电大学， 2021.
	MA Y H. Research on defects passivation in improving the performance of perovskite solar cells［D］. Nanjing： Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications， 2021 （in Chinese）.

[1]	WANG Zhichao, YE Linfeng, RUAN Miao, YANG Chao, JIA Xuefeng, NI Yufeng, GUO Yonggang, GAO Peng. Amidine Small-Molecule Interfacial Modification Strategy in Perovskite Solar Cells [J]. Journal of Synthetic Crystals, 2025, 54(5): 873-881.
[2]	SONG Zhicheng, ZHANG Bo, ZHANG Chunfu, QU Xiaoyong, NI Yufeng, GAO Jiaqing. Preparation Process of Emitter for p-Type TBC Cells [J]. Journal of Synthetic Crystals, 2025, 54(5): 857-863.
[3]	MIN Yueqi, XIE Wenqin, XIE Liang, AN Kang. Optoelectronic Properties of CsPbX₃ (X=Cl, Br, I) Regulated by Pd Doping [J]. Journal of Synthetic Crystals, 2025, 54(4): 605-616.
[4]	GAO Jiaqing, QU Xiaoyong, WU Xiang, GUO Yonggang, WANG Yonggang, WANG Liang, TAN Xin, YANG Xinze. Tunneling Oxidation and Passivation Process of p-Type TOPCon Structure [J]. JOURNAL OF SYNTHETIC CRYSTALS, 2025, 54(1): 133-138.
[5]	HUANG Qu, JIANG Hongxi, ZHOU Bo. Luminescent Properties of CaLa₂(WO₄)₄∶Eu³⁺,Sm³⁺ as Novel Red Phosphor for White LEDs [J]. JOURNAL OF SYNTHETIC CRYSTALS, 2025, 54(1): 69-76.
[6]	JIANG Xiaoxue, SONG Fei, HU Guangyu, XU Jinhua, LI Cuiqin. Effect of Lithium Salt and Film-Forming Additives on the Low Temperature Electrochemical Performance of Lithium-Ion Batteries [J]. JOURNAL OF SYNTHETIC CRYSTALS, 2025, 54(1): 146-157.
[7]	SUN Yuanlong, HU Ziyu, ZHENG Guozong. Growth and Photoelectric Properties Characterization of Large-Sized CH₃NH₃PbBr₃ Crystal [J]. JOURNAL OF SYNTHETIC CRYSTALS, 2024, 53(8): 1313-1318.
[8]	CAI Xiaojia, HUANG Jiajian, SUN Dandan, LIANG Jiaying, TANG Xiufeng, ZHANG Jiong. Effect of Substrate Temperature on Comprehensive Electrochromic Properties of Magnetron Sputtered NiO_x Films [J]. JOURNAL OF SYNTHETIC CRYSTALS, 2024, 53(8): 1453-1463.
[9]	CHEN Xinxin, HAN Jiali, PAN Jianguo. Growth and Luminescence Properties of Large Size and High Quality CsCu₂I₃ Crystals [J]. JOURNAL OF SYNTHETIC CRYSTALS, 2024, 53(7): 1106-1111.
[10]	JIANG Xiaokang, GAO Feng, ZHOU Hengwei. Synthesis and Luminescence Properties of Y₂MgTiO₆∶Eu³⁺ Red-Emitting Phosphor [J]. JOURNAL OF SYNTHETIC CRYSTALS, 2024, 53(7): 1170-1176.
[11]	LI Lihua, ZHOU Longjie, LIU Shuo, WANG Hang, HUANG Jinliang. First-Principles Study on Electronic Structure and Optical Properties of SnO₂ (110)/FAPbBrI₂ (001) Interface [J]. JOURNAL OF SYNTHETIC CRYSTALS, 2024, 53(7): 1239-1248.
[12]	DING Tao, LI Qingwen, XU Yuqi, ZHONG Min. Research Progress and Prospect of Chalcogenide Perovskite of BaZrS₃ and Its Preparation [J]. JOURNAL OF SYNTHETIC CRYSTALS, 2024, 53(6): 922-929.
[13]	HU Zhengkai, YANG Weibin, XIONG Feibing, GUO Yisheng, BAI Xin, LI Mingming. Preparation and Luminescence Properties of Sm³⁺ Doped Na₅Y_1-x(MoO₄)_4-y(WO₄)_y Phosphors with High Thermal Stability [J]. JOURNAL OF SYNTHETIC CRYSTALS, 2024, 53(6): 1016-1025.
[14]	WANG Leilei, YIN Zhenhua, ZHANG Yunke, LIU Lei, CHEN Ming. First-Principles Study of Lead-Free Quaternary Thioiodides with Outstanding Optoelectronic Properties for Solar Cells [J]. JOURNAL OF SYNTHETIC CRYSTALS, 2024, 53(5): 803-809.
[15]	CAI Xiaoyong, JIANG Hongxi. Preparation and Luminesent Property of CaWO₄∶Eu³⁺,Bi³⁺ Red Phosphors [J]. JOURNAL OF SYNTHETIC CRYSTALS, 2024, 53(5): 833-840.