氧化亚硅用于锂离子电池负极材料的研究进展

doi:10.16553/j.cnki.issn1000-985x.2025.0254

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 为应对电动汽车与便携电子设备对储能系统高能量密度的要求，亟需开发新型锂离子电池负极材料。氧化亚硅（SiO_x，0<x<2）凭借较高的理论比容量和引入氧元素带来的结构稳定性，被视为极具潜力的高容量负极材料。然而，SiO_x实际应用仍受限于体积变化大（160%~200%）、初始库仑效率低及电导率较低等问题。本文系统综述了SiO_x的结构模型、储锂机制及其改性策略，包括纳米结构设计、复合材料设计及预锂化技术等。这些方法有效缓解了氧化亚硅的体积膨胀，提升了其导电性与界面稳定性，并显著提高了其初始库仑效率。未来应致力于开发简单、可扩展、环境友好的制备工艺，追求高容量、高初始库仑效率的同时，综合考虑整体电化学性能，以促进SiO_x作为负极材料在高效储能系统中的应用。

关键词: 锂离子电池; SiO_x; 体积膨胀; 初始库仑效率; 电导率

Abstract: To address the urgent demand for high-energy-density of energy storage systems in electric vehicles and portable electronic devices， it is urgent to develop novel lithium-ion battery anode materials. Silicon suboxide （SiO_x， 0<x<2）， with its high theoretical specific capacity and structural stability brought by the incorporation of oxygen， is regarded as a highly promising high capacity anode material. However， the practical application of SiO_xstill faces challenges such as large volume variation （160%~200%）， low initial Coulombic efficiency， and poor electrical conductivity. This paper systematically reviews the structural models， lithium storage mechanisms， and modification strategies for SiO_x， including nanostructure design， composite material design， and prelithiation techniques. These approaches effectively alleviate the volume expansion of SiO_x， improve its conductivity and interfacial stability， and significantly enhance its initial Coulombic efficiency. Future efforts should focus on developing simple， scalable， and environmentally friendly preparation processes， aiming for high capacity and high initial Coulombic efficiency while comprehensively considering overall electrochemical performance， thereby promoting the practical application of SiO_xas anode material in high-efficiency energy storage systems.

Key words: lithium-ion battery; SiO_x; volume expansion; initial Coulombic efficiency; electric conductivity

中图分类号:

TQ152

赵君, 贾坤, 于海英, 张永锋. 氧化亚硅用于锂离子电池负极材料的研究进展[J]. 人工晶体学报, 2026, 55(5): 671-681.

ZHAO Jun, JIA Kun, YU Haiying, ZHANG Yongfeng. Research Progress of Silicon Suboxide as Anode Materials for Lithium-Ion Batteries[J]. Journal of Synthetic Crystals, 2026, 55(5): 671-681.

图/表 7

图1 无定型SiO的异质结构模型［20］

Fig.1 Heterostructure model of amorphous SiO［20］

图2 SiOx/C纳米管材料合成的示意图［28］

Fig.2 Schematic diagram of SiOx/C nanotube material synthesis［28］

图3 通过酸洗剥离制备ML-SiOx的示意图

Fig.3 Schematic diagram of ML-SiOxprepared by acid washing stripping

图4 HP-SiOx@C的制备过程［37］

Fig.4 Preparation process of HP-SiOx@C［37］

图5 经过不同时长无锂离子接触式预锂化处理的SiOx负极的开路电压（OCV）和ICE对比（a）及阻抗谱图（b）［46］

Fig.5 Open circuit voltage （OCV） and ICE comparison （a） and impedance spectroscopy （b） of SiOxanodes treated with different lengths of lithium-ion-free contact prelithiation［46］

图6 预锂化SiOx与Li3Sb/LiF-SiOx-2电极在0.1 C下的首次充放电循环电压曲线（a）和SiOx、预锂化SiOx和Li3Sb/LiF-SiOx-2电极在0.5 C下的循环性能（b）［48］

Fig.6 First charge-discharge cycle voltage curves of pre-lithiated SiOxand Li3Sb/LiF-SiOx-2 electrodes at 0.1 C （a） and cycle performance of SiOx， pre-lithiated SiOxand Li3Sb/LiF-SiOx-2 electrodes at 0.5 C （b）［48］

图7 m-SiOx、m-SiOx@C、m-SiOx@C/MXene和m-SiOx@C-MXene的电导率和振实密度［55］

Fig.7 Conductivity and tap density of m-SiOx， m-SiOx@C， m-SiOx@C/MXene and m-SiOx@C-MXene［55］

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