熔体法制备无机钙钛矿半导体核辐射探测晶体与器件的研究进展

人工晶体学报 ›› 2021, Vol. 50 ›› Issue (10): 1830-1843.

熔体法制备无机钙钛矿半导体核辐射探测晶体与器件的研究进展

覃皓明, 申南南, 何亦辉

苏州大学,放射医学及交叉学科研究院,放射医学与辐射防护国家重点实验室,苏州 215123

收稿日期:2021-08-27 出版日期:2021-10-15 发布日期:2021-11-24
通讯作者: 何亦辉,博士,教授。E-mail:yhhe@suda.edu.cn
作者简介:覃皓明(1996—),男,广西省人,科研助理。E-mail:hmqin@suda.edu.cn。何亦辉(1987—),苏州大学教授,博士生导师。主要从事新型室温辐射半导体材料与器件研究。本科和博士均毕业于西北工业大学,师从介万奇教授。2015年4月至2019年3月在美国西北大学进行博士后研究;2019年4月至2021年2月在美国西北大学任研究助理教授。近十年来一直致力于室温核辐射探测领域的应用及开发研究,首次实现了熔体法钙钛矿的高能量分辨率伽马射线响应;首次证实半导体探测器可以直接转化热中子并分辨出热中子俘获峰;首次研制了单极性空穴型CsPbBr₃单晶探测器,对662 keV的能量分辨率达1.4%。以第一/共同一作发表文章十余篇,包括Nature、Nature Photonics、Nature Communications等。研究成果多次被《科技日报》,美国《化学化工新闻》(C&EN)等媒体专题报道。获得了国际光学工程学会SPIE青年研究者奖(2018),IEEE核与等离子体学会(NPSS)的辐射仪器青年科学家奖(2021),高层次人才1项。
基金资助:
苏州大学学术启动经费(NH12800621);放射医学与辐射防护国家重点实验室(MZ12800121);江苏省自然科学基金青年基金(BK20210711)

Research Progress on the Melt-Grown Inorganic Perovskite Semiconductor Single Crystals and Devices for Nuclear Radiation Detection

QIN Haoming, SHEN Nannan, HE Yihui

State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences RAD-X, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China

Received:2021-08-27 Online:2021-10-15 Published:2021-11-24

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 钙钛矿材料在太阳能电池和光电探测等领域的快速发展,带动了其在核辐射探测领域的应用研究。钙钛矿晶体结构拥有多样化的结构容忍性,如何设计组分并挖掘材料的相关特性具有很大的科学挑战。其次,针对新型钙钛矿材料特性,需要根据应用场景来优化半导体器件设计,才能最大限度地发挥其辐射探测性能。鉴于此,本文从熔体法晶体生长及半导体器件设计等角度,探讨了不同维度钙钛矿结构的材料特性及辐射探测器件性能,以期为该材料在核辐射探测领域的发展提供参考。

关键词: 无机钙钛矿半导体, 熔体法, 单晶, 半导体器件, 核辐射探测, 三维钙钛矿, 二维钙钛矿, 缺陷钙钛矿

Abstract: The development of perovskite materials in the fields of solar cells and photoelectric detection in recent decades has promoted the relevant materials research in nuclear radiation detection. It is of great scientific challenging to perform compositional design rationally and explore the characteristics of this family of materials by the virtue of their greatly diversified structural tolerance. To optimize their radiation detection performance, the device configuration should be specifically designed in various application scenarios according to the feature of each perovskite semiconductor. This review summarizes the materials characteristics and radiation detection properties of melt growth perovskite semiconductors from the viewpoint of different dimensionality and device design. This review shall provide a reference for the future development of perovskite semiconductors in nuclear radiation detection.

Key words: inorganic perovskite semiconductor, melt-grown method, single crystal, semiconductor device, nuclear radiation detection, 3D perovskite, 2D perovskite, defect perovskite

中图分类号:

TL81

覃皓明, 申南南, 何亦辉. 熔体法制备无机钙钛矿半导体核辐射探测晶体与器件的研究进展[J]. 人工晶体学报, 2021, 50(10): 1830-1843.

QIN Haoming, SHEN Nannan, HE Yihui. Research Progress on the Melt-Grown Inorganic Perovskite Semiconductor Single Crystals and Devices for Nuclear Radiation Detection[J]. JOURNAL OF SYNTHETIC CRYSTALS, 2021, 50(10): 1830-1843.

参考文献

[1] 张廷克,李闽榕,潘启龙.中国核能发展报告2020[M].北京:社会科学文献出版社,2020.
ZHANG T K, LI M E, PAN Q L. China nuclear energy development report 2020[M]. Beijing: Social Science Literature Press, 2020(in Chinese).
[2] 中国核能行业协会.中国核能年鉴2020年卷[M]. 北京:中国原子能出版社,2020.
China Nuclear Energy Industry Association. China nuclear energy yearbook 2020 volume[M]. Beijing: China Atomic Energy Press, 2020(in Chinese).
[3] SORENSON J A, PHELPS M E, BROWNELL G L. Physics in nuclear medicine[J]. Physics Today, 1982, 35(5): 85.
[4] JOHNS P M, NINO J C. Room temperature semiconductor detectors for nuclear security[J]. Journal of Applied Physics, 2019, 126(4): 040902.
[5] LI G Q, JIE W Q, HUA H, et al. Cd_1-xZn_xTe: Growth and characterization of crystals for X-ray and gamma-ray detectors[J]. Progress in Crystal Growth and Characterization of Materials, 2003, 46(3): 85-104.
[6] BUTLER J F, LINGREN C L, DOTY F P. Cd_1-x/Zn_xTe gamma ray detectors[J]. IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science, 1992, 39(4): 605-609.
[7] ROSE G. De novis quibusdam fossilibus quae in montibus uraliis inveniuntur[M]. AG Schadii, 1839.
[8] YE H Y, TANG Y Y, LI P F, et al. Metal-free three-dimensional perovskite ferroelectrics[J]. Science, 2018, 361(6398): 151-155.
[9] ZHENG T, WU J G, XIAO D Q, et al. Recent development in lead-free perovskite piezoelectric bulk materials[J]. Progress in Materials Science, 2018, 98: 552-624.
[10] DONG H, ZHANG C, LIU X, et al. Materials chemistry and engineering in metal halide perovskite lasers[J]. Chemical Society Reviews, 2020, 49(3): 951-982.
[11] PARK N G. Perovskite solar cells: an emerging photovoltaic technology[J]. Materials Today, 2015, 18(2): 65-72.
[12] LEE Y, KWON J, HWANG E, et al. High-performance perovskite-graphene hybrid photodetector[J]. Advanced Materials, 2015, 27(1): 41-46.
[13] STOUMPOS C C, MALLIAKAS C D, PETERS J A, et al. Crystal growth of the perovskite semiconductor CsPbBr₃: a new material for high-energy radiation detection[J]. Crystal Growth & Design, 2013, 13(7): 2722-2727.
[14] KAKAVELAKIS G, GEDDA M, PANAGIOTOPOULOS A, et al. Metal halide perovskites for high-energy radiation detection[J]. Advanced Science, 2020, 7(22): 2002098.
[15] WEI H, HUANG J. Halide lead perovskites for ionizing radiation detection[J]. Nat Commun, 2019, 10(1): 1066.
[16] WU H D, GE Y S, NIU G D, et al. Metal halide perovskites for X-ray detection and imaging[J]. Matter, 2021, 4(1): 144-163.
[17] KANG J, WANG L W. High defect tolerance in lead halide perovskite CsPbBr₃[J]. The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters, 2017, 8(2): 489-493.
[18] YAKUNIN S, SYTNYK M, KRIEGNER D, et al. Detection of X-ray photons by solution-processed lead halide perovskites[J]. Nature Photonics, 2015, 9(7): 444-449.
[19] HE Y H, KE W J, ALEXANDER G C B, et al. Resolving the energy of γ-ray photons with MAPbI₃ single crystals[J]. ACS Photonics, 2018, 5(10): 4132-4138.
[20] LIANG J, WANG C X, WANG Y R, et al. All-inorganic perovskite solar cells[J]. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 2016, 138(49): 15829-15832.
[21] 介万奇.Bridgman法晶体生长技术的研究进展[J].人工晶体学报,2012,41(S1):24-35.
JIE W Q. Progress of Bridgman crystal growth technology[J]. Journal of Synthetic Crystals, 2012, 41(S1): 24-35(in Chinese).
[22] 杨帆,王涛,周伯儒,等.室温核辐射探测器用碲锌镉晶体生长研究进展[J].人工晶体学报,2020,49(4):561-569.
YANG F, WANG T, ZHOU B R, et al. Research progress on CdZnTe crystal growth for room temperature radiation detection applications[J]. Journal of Synthetic Crystals, 2020, 49(4): 561-569(in Chinese).
[23] SAPAROV B, MITZI D B. Organic-inorganic perovskites: structural versatility for functional materials design[J]. Chemical Reviews, 2016, 116(7): 4558-4596.
[24] GOLDSCHMIDT V M. Die gesetze der krystallochemie[J]. Naturwissenschaften, 1926, 14(21): 477-485.
[25] ZHAO Y, ZHU K. Organic-inorganic hybrid lead halide perovskites for optoelectronic and electronic applications[J]. Chemical Society Reviews, 2016, 45(3): 655-689.
[26] KIESLICH G, SUN S, CHEETHAM A K. An extended tolerance factor approach for organic-inorganic perovskites[J]. Chemical Science, 2015, 6(6): 3430-3433.
[27] AMAT A, MOSCONI E, RONCA E, et al. Cation-induced band-gap tuning in organohalide perovskites: interplay of spin-orbit coupling and octahedra tilting[J]. Nano Letters, 2014, 14(6): 3608-3616.
[28] ZHANG F, LU H P, TONG J H, et al. Advances in two-dimensional organic-inorganic hybrid perovskites[J]. Energy & Environmental Science, 2020, 13(4): 1154-1186.
[29] KIM B, SEOK S I. Molecular aspects of organic cations affecting the humidity stability of perovskites[J]. Energy & Environmental Science, 2020, 13(3): 805-820.
[30] LIAO J F, RAO H S, CHEN B X, et al. Dimension engineering on cesium lead iodide for efficient and stable perovskite solar cells[J]. Journal of Materials Chemistry A, 2017, 5(5): 2066-2072.
[31] WANG Y G, ZHANG H, ZHU J L, et al. Antiperovskites with exceptional functionalities[J]. Advanced Materials, 2020, 32(7): 1905007.
[32] ZHOU C K, LIN H R, HE Q Q, et al. Low dimensional metal halide perovskites and hybrids[J]. Materials Science and Engineering: R: Reports, 2019, 137: 38-65.
[33] MØLLER C K. Crystal structure and photoconductivity of cæsium plumbohalides[J]. Nature, 1958, 182(4647): 1436.
[34] LI J, YU Q, HE Y, et al. Cs₂PbI₂Cl₂, all-inorganic two-dimensional ruddlesden-popper mixed halide perovskite with optoelectronic response[J]. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 2018, 140(35): 11085-11090.
[35] HE Y H, STOUMPOS C C, HADAR I, et al. Demonstration of energy-resolved γ-ray detection at room temperature by the CsPbCl₃ perovskite semiconductor[J]. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 2021, 143(4): 2068-2077.
[36] LIN W W, HE J G, MCCALL K M, et al. Inorganic halide perovskitoid TlPbI₃ for ionizing radiation detection[J]. Advanced Functional Materials, 2021, 31(13): 2006635.
[37] SUN Q H, XU Y D, ZHANG H J, et al. Optical and electronic anisotropies in perovskitoid crystals of Cs₃Bi₂I₉ studies of nuclear radiation detection[J]. Journal of Materials Chemistry A, 2018, 6(46): 23388-23395.
[38] MCCALL K M, STOUMPOS C C, KOSTINA S S, et al. Strong electron-phonon coupling and self-trapped excitons in the defect halide perovskites A₃M₂I₉ (A=Cs, Rb; M=Bi, Sb)[J]. Chemistry of Materials, 2017, 29(9): 4129-4145.
[39] LI X, DU X Y, ZHANG P, et al. Lead-free halide perovskite Cs₃Bi₂Br₉ single crystals for high-performance X-ray detection[J]. Science China Materials, 2021, 64(6): 1427-1436.
[40] MCCALL K M, STOUMPOS C C, KONTSEVOI O Y, et al. From 0D Cs₃Bi₂I₉ to 2D Cs₃Bi₂I₆Cl₃: dimensional expansion induces a direct band gap but enhances electron-phonon coupling[J]. Chemistry of Materials, 2019, 31(7): 2644-2650.
[41] XIAO B, WANG F B, XU M, et al. Melt-grown large-sized Cs₂TeI₆ crystals for X-ray detection[J]. CrystEngComm, 2020, 22(31): 5130-5136.
[42] LIN W W, STOUMPOS C C, LIU Z F, et al. TlSn₂I₅, a robust halide antiperovskite semiconductor for γ-ray detection at room temperature[J]. ACS Photonics, 2017, 4(7): 1805-1813.
[43] LI H, MENG F, MALLIAKAS C D, et al. Mercury chalcohalide semiconductor Hg₃Se₂Br₂ for hard radiation detection[J]. Crystal Growth & Design, 2016, 16(11): 6446-6453.
[44] SONG J Z, CUI Q Z, LI J H, et al. Ultralarge all-inorganic perovskite bulk single crystal for high-performance visible-infrared dual-modal photodetectors[J]. Advanced Optical Materials, 2017, 5(12): 1700157.
[45] ZHANG M Z, ZHENG Z P, FU Q Y, et al. Growth and characterization of all-inorganic lead halide perovskite semiconductor CsPbBr₃ single crystals[J]. CrystEngComm, 2017, 19(45): 6797-6803.
[46] XU J Y, LIANG X X, JIN M, et al. Growth and characterization of all-inorganic perovskite CsPbBr₃ crystal by a traveling zone melting method[J]. Journal of Inorganic Materials, 2018, 33(11): 1253.
[47] ZHANG P, ZHANG G, LIU L, et al. Anisotropic optoelectronic properties of melt-grown bulk CsPbBr₃ single crystal[J]. The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters, 2018, 9(17): 5040-5046.
[48] ZHANG P, SUN Q H, XU Y D, et al. Enhancing carrier transport properties of melt-grown CsPbBr₃ single crystals by eliminating inclusions[J]. Crystal Growth & Design, 2020, 20(4): 2424-2431.
[49] HE Y H, LIU Z F, MCCALL K M, et al. Perovskite CsPbBr₃ single crystal detector for alpha-particle spectroscopy[J]. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, 2019, 922: 217-221.
[50] MCCALL K M, FRIEDRICH D, CHICA D G, et al. Perovskites with a twist: strong In¹⁺ off-centering in the mixed-valent CsInX₃ (X=Cl, Br)[J]. Chemistry of Materials, 2019, 31(22): 9554-9566.
[51] LI J W, STOUMPOS C C, TRIMARCHI G G, et al. Air-stable direct bandgap perovskite semiconductors: all-inorganic tin-based heteroleptic halides A_xSnCl_yI_z (A=Cs, Rb)[J]. Chemistry of Materials, 2018, 30(14): 4847-4856.
[52] STOEGER W. The crystal structures of TlPbI₃ and Tl₄PbI₆[J]. Zeitschrift Für Naturforschung B, 1977, 32(9): 975-981.
[53] KOCSIS M. Proposal for a new room temperature X-ray detector-thallium lead iodide[J]. IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science, 2000, 47(6): 1945-1947.
[54] HITOMI K, ONODERA T, SHOJI T, et al. Thallium lead iodide radiation detectors[J]. IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science, 2003, 50(4): 1039-1042.
[55] YANG G, PHAN Q V, LIU M, et al. Material defect study of thallium lead iodide (TlPbI₃) crystals for radiation detector applications[J]. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, 2020, 954: 161516.
[56] MCCALL K M, LIU Z F, TRIMARCHI G, et al. Α-particle detection and charge transport characteristics in the A₃M₂I₉ defect perovskites (A=Cs, Rb; M=Bi, Sb)[J]. ACS Photonics, 2018, 5(9): 3748-3762.
[57] ISHII M, KOBAYASHI M. Single crystals for radiation detectors[J]. Progress in Crystal Growth and Characterization of Materials, 1992, 23: 245-311.
[58] HANY I, YANG G, PHAN Q V, et al. Thallium lead iodide (TlPbI₃) single crystal inorganic perovskite: electrical and optical characterization for gamma radiation detection[J]. Materials Science in Semiconductor Processing, 2021, 121: 105392.
[59] TAKAHASHI T, WATANABE S. Recent progress in CdTe and CdZnTe detectors[J]. IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science, 2001, 48(4): 950-959.
[60] JOHNSEN S, LIU Z F, PETERS J A, et al. Thallium Chalcohalides for X-ray and γ-ray Detection[J]. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 2011, 133(26): 10030-10033.
[61] HE Y, KONTSEVOI O Y, STOUMPOS C C, et al. Defect antiperovskite compounds Hg₃Q₂I₂ (Q=S, Se, and Te) for room-temperature hard radiation detection[J]. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 2017, 139(23): 7939-7951.
[62] HE Y H, MATEI L, JUNG H J, et al. High spectral resolution of gamma-rays at room temperature by perovskite CsPbBr₃ single crystals[J]. Nature Communications, 2018, 9: 1609.
[63] HE Y H, PETRYK M, LIU Z F, et al. CsPbBr₃ perovskite detectors with 1.4% energy resolution for high-energy γ-rays[J]. Nature Photonics, 2021, 15(1): 36-42.
[64] CHEN H, AWADALLA S A, HARRIS F, et al. Spectral response of THM grown CdZnTe crystals[J]. IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science, 2008, 55(3): 1567-1572.
[65] MCGREGOR D S, HERMON H. Room-temperature compound semiconductor radiation detectors[J]. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, 1997, 395(1): 101-124.
[66] JANG J, JI S, GRANDHI G K, et al. Multimodal digital X-ray scanners with synchronous mapping of tactile pressure distributions using perovskites[J]. Advanced Materials, 2021, 33(30): 2008539.
[67] OU X Y, QIN X, HUANG B L, et al. High-resolution X-ray luminescence extension imaging[J]. Nature, 2021, 590(7846): 410-415.
[68] KIM Y C, KIM K H, SON D Y, et al. Printable organometallic perovskite enables large-area, low-dose X-ray imaging[J]. Nature, 2017, 550(7674): 87-91.
[69] FÖRSTER A, BRANDSTETTER S, SCHULZE-BRIESE C. Transforming X-ray detection with hybrid photon counting detectors[J]. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, 2019, 377(2147): 20180241.
[70] PROKESCH M, SOLDNER S A, SUNDARAM A G, et al. CdZnTe detectors operating at X-ray fluxes of 100 million photons /(mm²·s) [J]. IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science, 2016, 63(3): 1854-1859.
[71] HE Z. Review of the Shockley-Ramo theorem and its application in semiconductor gamma-ray detectors[J]. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, 2001, 463(1/2): 250-267.
[72] 陈伯显,张智.核辐射物理及探测学[M]. 哈尔滨:哈尔滨工程大学出版社,2011.
CHEN B X, ZHANG Z. Nuclear radiation physics and detection[M]. Harbin: Harbin Engineering University Press, 2011(in Chinese).