
人工晶体学报 ›› 2025, Vol. 54 ›› Issue (8): 1305-1329.DOI: 10.16553/j.cnki.issn1000-985x.2025.0108
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代义之(
), 马琳, 张文杰, 雷文瑄, 肖雯, 张俊祺, 王文誉, 张晋兴, 刘渝城(
)
收稿日期:2025-05-22
出版日期:2025-08-20
发布日期:2025-09-01
通信作者:
刘渝城,博士,教授。E-mail:作者简介:代义之(2005—),男,河南省人。E-mail:42435004@snnu.edu.cn
基金资助:
DAI Yizhi(
), MA Lin, ZHANG Wenjie, LEI Wenxuan, XIAO Wen, ZHANG Junqi, WANG Wenyu, ZHANG Jinxing, LIU Yucheng(
)
Received:2025-05-22
Online:2025-08-20
Published:2025-09-01
摘要: X射线探测在医疗诊断、安防安检、工业无损探伤和环境监测等重要领域具有广泛的应用。金属卤化物钙钛矿单晶因组分多样、X射线吸收强、载流子迁移率-寿命乘积高、可低温溶液生长等优势,有望用于低成本高性能X射线探测系统开发。本文在详细介绍金属卤化物钙钛矿单晶的结构维度调控及其对X射线探测性能影响的基础上,综述了钙钛矿单晶直接型X射线探测器的最新研究进展。通过对不同结构维度钙钛矿单晶的生长方法、半导体特性、X射线探测性能的详细梳理和分析,揭示了晶体结构维度与光电探测性能之间的内在联系。在此基础上,本文还探讨了当前钙钛矿单晶X射线探测面临的挑战及未来的研究方向,将为进一步设计生长大尺寸高质量钙钛矿单晶和实现稳定高灵敏X射线探测提供理论指导和实践依据。
中图分类号:
代义之, 马琳, 张文杰, 雷文瑄, 肖雯, 张俊祺, 王文誉, 张晋兴, 刘渝城. 金属卤化物钙钛矿单晶结构维度调控及其直接型X射线探测性能研究进展[J]. 人工晶体学报, 2025, 54(8): 1305-1329.
DAI Yizhi, MA Lin, ZHANG Wenjie, LEI Wenxuan, XIAO Wen, ZHANG Junqi, WANG Wenyu, ZHANG Jinxing, LIU Yucheng. Research Progress on Structure Dimensional Regulation of Metal Halide Perovskite Single Crystal and Their Direct-Type X-Ray Detection Performance[J]. Journal of Synthetic Crystals, 2025, 54(8): 1305-1329.
图1 不同结构维度的金属卤化物钙钛矿的晶体结构示意图。(a)3D结构;(b)2D结构;(c)1D结构;(d)0D结构
Fig.1 Schematic illustration of crystal structure for the metal halides perovskite with different dimensions. (a) 3D structure; (b) 2D structure; (c) 1D structure; (d) 0D structure
图2 溶液法单晶生长基本原理。(a)溶液过饱和时均相成核和异相成核的示意图;(b)均相成核的自由能与颗粒半径的关系
Fig.2 Basic principles of single crystal growth by solution method. (a) Schematic diagram of homogeneous and heterogeneous nucleation during supersaturation of a solution; (b) relationship between the free energy for homogeneous nucleation and particle radius
图3 钙钛矿单晶生长基本原理和方法。(a)~(c)维持溶液过饱和的原理和方法;(d)氢卤酸水溶液缓慢降温结晶生长法;(e)有机溶液升温反应结晶生长法;(f)反溶剂扩散辅助结晶生长法;(g)溶剂缓慢蒸发生长法
Fig.3 Basic principles and methods of growth for perovskite single crystal. (a)~(c) The principles and methods for maintaining solution at supersaturation state; (d) slow cooling crystallization growth method in hydrohalic acid aqueous solution; (e) temperature increasing reaction crystallization growth method in organic solution; (f) reverse solvent diffusion assisted crystallization growth method; (g) solvent slow evaporation growth method
图4 3D结构钙钛矿单晶生长。(a)3D钙钛矿的晶体结构;(b)水溶液缓慢降温结晶生长MAPbI3单晶[32];(c)~(d)顶部籽晶水溶液缓慢降温结晶法生长MAPbI3单晶[33];(e)反溶剂扩散辅助结晶法生长钙钛矿MAPbI3和MAPbBr3单晶[34];(f)升温反应结晶生长法生长钙钛矿MAPbI3和MAPbBr3单晶[36,39]
Fig.4 Single crystal growth of 3D structured perovskite. (a) Crystal structure of 3D perovskite; (b) MAPbI3 single crystal grown by slow cooling crystallization in aqueous solution[32]; (c)~(d) MAPbI3 single crystal grown by slow cooling crystallization of top seed crystal aqueous solution growing method[33]; (e) MAPbI3 and MAPbBr3 single crystal grown by reverse solvent diffusion assisted crystallization growing method[34]; (f) MAPbI3 and MAPbBr3 single crystal grown by temperature increasing reaction crystallization growing method[36,39]
图5 无机3D钙钛矿CsPbBr3单晶生长。(a)高温布里奇曼生长法生长无机钙钛矿CsPbBr3单晶和CsPbCl3单晶[40-42];(b)气氛导模法生长高质量无机钙钛矿CsPbBr3单晶[43];(c)溶液法生长无机钙钛矿CsPbBr3单晶[44-49]
Fig.5 Single crystal growth of inorganic 3D perovskite CsPbBr3. (a) Growth of inorganic perovskite CsPbBr3 single crystal and CsPbCl3 single crystal by high-temperature Bridgman growth method; (b) growth of high-quality inorganic perovskite CsPbBr3 single crystal by atmosphere-controlled edge-defined film-fed growth (EFG) method[43]; (c) growth of inorganic perovskite CsPbBr3 single crystal by solution method[44-49]
图6 2D结构钙钛矿单晶生长。(a)二维(PEA)2PbI4晶体结构[51];(b)反溶剂挥发辅助结晶和反溶剂蒸气辅助覆盖结晶过程示意图,以及这些方法生长的(PEA)2PbI4单晶的光学照片[52];(c)外延诱导结晶生长2D结构(PEA)2PbI4单晶薄膜的示意图[54];(d)不同温度下的结晶过程示意图和生长的FPEA2PbI4单晶的照片[56];(e)(BA)2(MA) n-1Pb n I3n+1单晶的照片[60]
Fig.6 Single crystal growth of 2D structured perovskite. (a) Crystal structure of 2D (PEA)2PbI4[51]; (b) schematic diagram of the anti-solvent vapor-assisted crystallization and anti-solvent vapor-assisted capping crystallization process, and the optical images of PEA2PbI4 crystals obtained by these methods[52]; (c) schematic diagram of the induced peripheral crystallization procedure to grow 2D (PEA)2PbI4 single-crystalline membrane[54]; (d) schematic diagram of the crystallization process at different temperatures and the images of FPEA2PbI4 crystals[56]; (e) photographs of (BA)2(MA) n-1Pb n I3n+1 single crystals[60]
图7 1D结构钙钛矿单晶生长。(a)(BAH)BiI4沿a轴方向的晶体堆积图,(BAH)BiI4单晶顶面的XRD和(BAH)BiI4在水中浸泡60 d后的粉末XRD[63];(b)CsCu2I3单晶的照片、SEM-EDS图、实验测试和计算的XRD[64];(c)(TMHD)SbBr5单晶的生长过程和照片[65];(d)CsAg x Cu2-x I3(0≤x≤2)单晶的生长过程示意图[22]
Fig.7 Single crystal growth of 1D structured perovskite. (a) Crystallographic packing diagrams of (BAH)BiI4 viewed along the a-axis, power XRD pattern of the top facet of (BAH)BiI4 single crystal and the powder XRD pattern of (BAH)BiI4 water-soaking for 60 d[63]; (b) photograph, SEM-EDS mapping, measured and simulated XRD patterns of CsCu2I3 single crystals[64]; (c) procedure for crystal growth and the photograph of (TMHD)SbBr5 single crystal[65]; (d) schematic procedures diagrams for the grow of CsAg x Cu2-x I3 (0≤x≤2) single crystals[22]
图8 0D结构钙钛矿单晶生长。(a)0D钙钛矿A3M2I9的晶体结构[67];(b)钙钛矿A3M2I9单晶照片[68];(c)Cs3Bi2I9单晶和晶圆的照片[69];(d)溶剂挥发结晶法生长Cs3Bi2I9单晶[70];(e)成核控制法生长Cs3Bi2I9单晶[73];(f)垂直布里奇曼生长Cs3Bi2Br9单晶的照片[78];(g) 连续供给预结晶溶液生长329型钙钛矿单晶[80]
Fig.8 Single crystal growth of 0D structured perovskite. (a) Crystal structure of 0D perovskite A3M2I9[67]; (b) photographs of the perovskite A3M2I9 single crystals[68]; (c) Cs3Bi2I9 single crystal and wafers[69]; (d) solvent evaporation crystallization method to grow Cs3Bi2I9 single crystals[70]; (e) nucleation-controlled method to grow Cs3Bi2I9 single crystals[73]; (f) vertical Bridgman growth method and photographs of Cs3Bi2Br9 single crystals[78]; (g) continuously supplying of pre-crystallized solution to grow 329-type single crystals[80]
图9 不同X射线探测器的结构。(a)光电导型X射线探测器;(b)光电二极管型X射线探测器;(c)光电晶体管型X射线探测器
Fig.9 Device structure of different X-ray detectors. (a) Photoconductor X-ray detector; (b) photodiode X-ray detector;(c) phototransistor X-ray detector
图10 3D钙钛矿单晶X射线探测器。(a)钙钛矿FA0.85MA0.1Cs0.05PbI2.55Br0.45单晶照片,探测器结构及X射线探测性能[12];(b)MSM和p-i-n 结构的MAPbI3单晶器件的示意图,暗电流随电场的变化曲线以及电流密度随辐照剂量率的变化曲线[87];(c)具有不同异质界面的金属卤化物钙钛矿单晶及其X射线探测性能示意图[24];(d)临界温度场加热策略及加热前后700 μm厚MAPbI3单晶的铁弹性畴壁分布示意图,无畴壁MAPbI3单晶探测器的μτ乘积和灵敏度[88];(e)黄相FAPbI3单晶棒、探测器结构及X射线探测灵敏度和成像照片[89]
Fig.10 3D perovskite single crystal X-ray detectors. (a) Photograph of a perovskite FA0.85MA0.1Cs0.05PbI2.55Br0.45 single crystal, detector structure and X-ray detection performance[12]; (b) schematic illustration of MSM and p-i-n MAPbI3 single crystal devices, the curves of dark current with respect to electric field and the current density as a function of incident dose rate of the devices[87]; (c) schematic illustration of the metal halide perovskite single crystals with different heterointerfaces and their X-ray detection performance[24]; (d) schematic illustration of the critical temperature field heating strategy and the ferroelastic domain wall distribution before and after the critical temperature field heating with 700 μm thick MAPbI3 single crystal, μτ product and sensitivity of detectors based on MAPbI3 single crystals without domain walls[88]; (e) photographs of the yellow-phase FAPbI3 single crystal rods, the detector structure, X-ray detection sensitivity and imaging[89]
图11 2D钙钛矿单晶X射线探测器。(a)(FPEA)2PbI4单晶X射线探测器的器件结构及相应的X射线探测性能[57];(b)2D和3D/2D/3D单晶X射线探测器的器件结构和工作机理示意图,2D和3D/2D/3D单晶探测器的探测灵敏度,以及3D/2D/3D单晶探测器测量的X射线图像[27];(c)CsPb2Br5单晶的照片、结构及其X射线探测性能[93];(d)Ge0.5Pb0.5X6八面体的晶体结构,(PEA)2Ge0.5Pb0.5I4单晶的照片,对应探测器的X射线探测灵敏度和X射线成像[61]
Fig.11 2D perovskite single crystal X-ray detectors. (a) The device structure of (FPEA)2PbI4 single crystal X-ray detector and corresponding X-ray detection performance[57]; (b) schematic diagram of device structure and working mechanism of 2D and 3D/2D/3D single crystal X-ray detectors, detection sensitivity of 2D and 3D/2D/3D single crystal detectors, and X-ray image measured by the 3D/2D/3D single crystal detector[27]; (c) photograph and structure of CsPb2Br5 single crystals, and their X-ray detection performance[93]; (d) crystal structure of Ge0.5Pb0.5X6 octahedra, photograph of (PEA)2Ge0.5Pb0.5I4 single crystal, corresponding X-ray detection sensitivity and X-ray imaging[61]
图12 1D钙钛矿单晶X射线探测器。(a) (BAH)BiI4单晶器件的光电导率、X射线响应和灵敏度统计[63];(b)CsCu2I3单晶器件的结构、光电导率和灵敏度[64];(c) (TMHD)SbBr5单晶器件的结构、光电导率和灵敏度[65];(d) (ATZ)(EA)4Pb3I11单晶器件的结构、X射线响应电流密度和暗电流[66]
Fig.12 1D perovskite single crystal X-ray detectors. (a) Photoconductivity, X-ray response and sensitivity statistics of (BAH)BiI4 single crystal device[63]; (b) structure, photoconductivity and sensitivity of CsCu2I3 single crystal device[64]; (c) structure, photoconductivity and sensitivity of (TMHD)SbBr5 single crystal device[65]; (d) structure, X-ray response current density and dark current of (ATZ)(EA)4Pb3I11 single crystal device[66]
图13 0D钙钛矿单晶X射线探测器。(a) MA3Bi2I9单晶照片,探测器的结构和灵敏度[72];(b)MA3Bi2I9单晶照片,探测器的灵敏度和探测限[74];(c)AG3Bi2I9晶体结构,探测器的X射线响应电流和灵敏度[81];(d)Cs3Bi2I8Br和Cs3Bi2I3Br6单晶照片,Cs3Bi2I8Br单晶探测器的灵敏度和探测限[96];(e)MA3Bi2I6Br3单晶线性阵列探测器测得的X射线图像[80]
Fig.13 0D perovskite single crystal X-ray detectors. (a) Photographs of MA3Bi2I9 single crystals, structure and sensitivity of the detector[72]; (b) photographs of MA3Bi2I9 single crystal, sensitivity and detection limit of the detector[74]; (c) structure of AG3Bi2I9, X-ray response current and sensitivity of the detector[81]; (d) photographs of Cs3Bi2I8Br and Cs3Bi2I3Br6 single crystal, sensitivity and detection limit of Cs3Bi2I8Br detector[96]; (e) images measured by the MA3Bi2I6Br3 single crystal linear array detector[80]
| 维度 | 钙钛矿类型 | 迁移率-寿命积/(cm2·V-1) | 电阻率/(Ω·cm) | 灵敏度/(μC·Gy-1·cm-2) | 探测限/(nGy·s-1) | 参考文献 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3D | MAPbI3 | 5.30×10-3 | 2.82×107 | 2.31×104 | 19 100 | [ |
| DMAMAPbI3 | 7.20×10-3 | 3.04×108 | 1.18×104 | 16.9 | [ | |
| GAMAPbI3 | 1.30×10-2 | 2.05×108 | 3.67×103 | 16.9 | [ | |
| FAPbI3 | 1.5×105 | 267 | [ | |||
| MAPbI3 | 1.46×10-3 | 5.2×106 | 1.5 | [ | ||
| Cs0.1FA0.85GA0.05PbI2.7Br0.3 | 1.09×10-2 | 2.5×106 | 7.09 | [ | ||
| MAPbBr3/MAPbI3 | 4.88×10-2 | 2.22×108 | 3.98×105 | 12.2 | [ | |
| MAPbBr3 | 7.01×10-4 | 4.53×106 | 2.90×103 | [ | ||
| MAPbI3 | 1.06×10-3 | 1.62×107 | 3.05×104 | [ | ||
| CsPbBr3 | 8.11×10-4 | 46 180 | 10.81 | [ | ||
| FAPbI3 | 7.82×10-2 | 2.31×1011 | 2.16×105 | 2 | [ | |
| 2D | (F-PEA)2PbI4 | 5.10×10-4 | 1.36×1012 | 3 402 | 23 | [ |
| (DGA)PbI4 | 4.12×10-3 | 4 869 | 95.4 | [ | ||
| CsPb2Br5 | 2.53×10-2 | 5.51×1010 | 8 865.6 | 12.7 | [ | |
| (PEA)2Ge0.5Pb0.5I4 | 3.64×10-3 | 8.56×109 | 13 488 | 8.23 | [ | |
| (PEA)2PbI4 | 3.31×10-3 | 7.31×1010 | 840 | 12.9 | [ | |
| (PEA)2GeI4 | 2.23×10-4 | 6.41×109 | 1 527 | 18.9 | [ | |
| 1D | (BAH)BiI4 | 1.95×10-4 | 4.20×1011 | 1 181.8 | 77 | [ |
| DABCO-N2H5-Br3 | 2.74×1010 | 1 143±10 | 2 680 | [ | ||
| DABCO-N2H5-I3 | 1.26×1010 | 1 187±9 | 2 880 | [ | ||
| CsCu2I3 | 1.847×10-2 | 424 | 0.93 | [ | ||
| (TMHD)SbBr5 | 8.33×10-3 | 62.8 | [ | |||
| (ATZ)(EA)4Pb3I11 | 2.22×10-4 | 1.94×1011 | 1 356 | [ | ||
| 0D | MA3Bi2I9 | 2.87×10-3 | 3.74×1010 | 1 947 | 83 | [ |
| Cs3Bi2I9 | 7.97×10-4 | 2.79×1010 | 1 652.3 | 130 | [ | |
| MA3Bi2I9 | 1.20×10-3 | 5.27×1011 | 10 620 | 0.62 | [ | |
| AG3Bi2I9 | 7.94×10-3 | 3.78×1010 | 5 791 | 2.6 | [ | |
| Cs3Bi2I8Br | 1.99×1010 | 1.33×104 | 28.6 | [ |
表1 3D、2D、1D、0D结构钙钛矿单晶X射线探测器的性能参数比较
Table 1 Performance parameters comparison of 3D, 2D, 1D, 0D structure perovskite single crystal X-ray detector
| 维度 | 钙钛矿类型 | 迁移率-寿命积/(cm2·V-1) | 电阻率/(Ω·cm) | 灵敏度/(μC·Gy-1·cm-2) | 探测限/(nGy·s-1) | 参考文献 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3D | MAPbI3 | 5.30×10-3 | 2.82×107 | 2.31×104 | 19 100 | [ |
| DMAMAPbI3 | 7.20×10-3 | 3.04×108 | 1.18×104 | 16.9 | [ | |
| GAMAPbI3 | 1.30×10-2 | 2.05×108 | 3.67×103 | 16.9 | [ | |
| FAPbI3 | 1.5×105 | 267 | [ | |||
| MAPbI3 | 1.46×10-3 | 5.2×106 | 1.5 | [ | ||
| Cs0.1FA0.85GA0.05PbI2.7Br0.3 | 1.09×10-2 | 2.5×106 | 7.09 | [ | ||
| MAPbBr3/MAPbI3 | 4.88×10-2 | 2.22×108 | 3.98×105 | 12.2 | [ | |
| MAPbBr3 | 7.01×10-4 | 4.53×106 | 2.90×103 | [ | ||
| MAPbI3 | 1.06×10-3 | 1.62×107 | 3.05×104 | [ | ||
| CsPbBr3 | 8.11×10-4 | 46 180 | 10.81 | [ | ||
| FAPbI3 | 7.82×10-2 | 2.31×1011 | 2.16×105 | 2 | [ | |
| 2D | (F-PEA)2PbI4 | 5.10×10-4 | 1.36×1012 | 3 402 | 23 | [ |
| (DGA)PbI4 | 4.12×10-3 | 4 869 | 95.4 | [ | ||
| CsPb2Br5 | 2.53×10-2 | 5.51×1010 | 8 865.6 | 12.7 | [ | |
| (PEA)2Ge0.5Pb0.5I4 | 3.64×10-3 | 8.56×109 | 13 488 | 8.23 | [ | |
| (PEA)2PbI4 | 3.31×10-3 | 7.31×1010 | 840 | 12.9 | [ | |
| (PEA)2GeI4 | 2.23×10-4 | 6.41×109 | 1 527 | 18.9 | [ | |
| 1D | (BAH)BiI4 | 1.95×10-4 | 4.20×1011 | 1 181.8 | 77 | [ |
| DABCO-N2H5-Br3 | 2.74×1010 | 1 143±10 | 2 680 | [ | ||
| DABCO-N2H5-I3 | 1.26×1010 | 1 187±9 | 2 880 | [ | ||
| CsCu2I3 | 1.847×10-2 | 424 | 0.93 | [ | ||
| (TMHD)SbBr5 | 8.33×10-3 | 62.8 | [ | |||
| (ATZ)(EA)4Pb3I11 | 2.22×10-4 | 1.94×1011 | 1 356 | [ | ||
| 0D | MA3Bi2I9 | 2.87×10-3 | 3.74×1010 | 1 947 | 83 | [ |
| Cs3Bi2I9 | 7.97×10-4 | 2.79×1010 | 1 652.3 | 130 | [ | |
| MA3Bi2I9 | 1.20×10-3 | 5.27×1011 | 10 620 | 0.62 | [ | |
| AG3Bi2I9 | 7.94×10-3 | 3.78×1010 | 5 791 | 2.6 | [ | |
| Cs3Bi2I8Br | 1.99×1010 | 1.33×104 | 28.6 | [ |
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