
人工晶体学报 ›› 2025, Vol. 54 ›› Issue (8): 1330-1351.DOI: 10.16553/j.cnki.issn1000-985x.2025.0094
张磊磊1(
), 薛泽旭1, 孙炼1(
), 刘阳2, 王鲁凯1, 王尊刚1(
)
收稿日期:2025-04-26
出版日期:2025-08-20
发布日期:2025-09-01
通信作者:
孙炼,博士,助理研究员。E-mail:作者简介:张磊磊(1990—),女,山东省人,博士,助理研究员。E-mail:zhangleilei@sklnbcpc.cn
基金资助:
ZHANG Leilei1(
), XUE Zexu1, SUN Lian1(
), LIU Yang2, WANG Lukai1, WANG Zungang1(
)
Received:2025-04-26
Online:2025-08-20
Published:2025-09-01
摘要: 闪烁体是一种通过粒子辐射或电离射线辐射激发发光的材料,经过100多年的发展,已广泛应用于高能物理、天体物理、辐射成像、国土安全等领域。现市面上所售闪烁体探测器材料大多为NaI∶Tl、LaBr3∶Ce等离子掺杂型发光闪烁体,有易潮解、自放射性本底、高脆性等缺点,已逐渐不能满足日益复杂的辐射探测应用场景。金属卤化物钙钛矿闪烁材料因结构可调性和化学组分多样性的优势,展现出比传统无机闪烁体更优异的性能。其中金属卤化物钙钛矿单晶具有三维结构长程有序、无晶界、缺陷密度低、环境稳定性好与低成本等特点,在辐射探测领域中展现出更大的优势,成为近年来最具有竞争力的辐射探测发光材料之一。本文从分子结构、材料分类及辐射特性等角度全面总结了金属卤化钙钛矿闪烁单晶及其在辐射探测领域的研究进展,并对其在该领域未来的优化方向进行了展望,旨在使读者综合了解金属卤化物钙钛矿闪烁晶体的辐射特性,为新型闪烁晶体材料选型及结构优化提供新的研究思路。
中图分类号:
张磊磊, 薛泽旭, 孙炼, 刘阳, 王鲁凯, 王尊刚. 辐射探测用金属卤化物钙钛矿单晶闪烁体[J]. 人工晶体学报, 2025, 54(8): 1330-1351.
ZHANG Leilei, XUE Zexu, SUN Lian, LIU Yang, WANG Lukai, WANG Zungang. Metal Halide Perovskite Single Crystal Scintillators for Radiation Detection[J]. Journal of Synthetic Crystals, 2025, 54(8): 1330-1351.
图1 (a)立方相ABX3钙钛矿结构的球棍模型;(b)三维卤化物钙钛矿晶体结构示意图[37]
Fig.1 (a) Ball-and-stick model of cubic phase ABX3 perovskite structure; (b) schematic diagram of three-dimensional halide perovskite crystal structure[37]
图3 全无机三维卤化钙钛矿单晶的闪烁性能。(a)、(b)CsPbCl3单晶[41];(c)、(d)CsPbBr3单晶[42]
Fig.3 Scintillation properties of all inorganic three-dimensional perovskite single crystals. (a), (b) CsPbCl3 single crystals[41]; (c), (d) CsPbBr3 single crystals[42]
图4 (a),(b)MAPbBr3晶体衰变动力学参数的温度依赖特性曲线[43];(c)MAPbBr3晶体光输出随温度的变化特性曲线[43];(d)MAPbCl3单晶的X射线激发光随剂量率的变化[48];(e)MAPbCl3单晶的X射线成像[48];(f)图(e)中X射线图像上红线的强度图[48]
Fig.4 (a), (b) Temperature-dependent characteristics of the decay kinetics parameters of the MAPbBr3 crystal[43]; (c) temperature-dependent behavior of the light output of MAPbBr3 crystals[43]; (d) integrated XEL of MAPbCl3 single crystals as a function of the dose rate[48]; (e) X-ray imaging of MAPbCl3 single crystals[48]; (f) intensity plot of the redline in fig.(e) at the X-ray image[48]
图5 CH3NH3PbBr0.05Cl2.95晶体闪烁性能[35]。(a)嵌入SiPM中的CH3NH3PbBr x Cl3-x 单晶示意图,插图是该结构的侧边照片;(b)在玻璃基底生长的CH3NH3PbBr x Cl3-x 单晶被365 nm激光激发后的光学照片;(c)CH3NH3PbBr x Cl3-x 在X射线脉冲激发下的衰减时间;(d)MAPbBr x Cl3-x 单晶在1.4 μCi的137Cs电源激发下的脉冲高度谱
Fig.5 Scintillation properties of CH3NH3PbBr0.05Cl2.95 crystals[35]. (a) Schematic illustration of CH3NH3PbBr x Cl3-x SCs integrate on the window of SiPM, inset is the side view of the CH3NH3PbBr0.05Cl2.95 SCs scintillator integrated on SiPM MPPC; (b) optical image of CH3NH3PbBr x Cl3-x SCs grown on a glass substrate that excited by a 365 nm laser; (c) scintillation decay time of CH3NH3PbBr x Cl3-x SCs excited with a pulsed X-ray, generated by an accelerator; (d) pulse height spectra acquired with MAPbBr x Cl3-x SCs excited with a 1.4 μCi button-sized 137Cs source
图6 ABX3和A2B'B″X6型三维卤化钙钛矿材料结构示意图[53]
Fig.6 Schematic diagram of the three-dimensional halide perovskite structures with ABX3 and A2B'B″X6 configurations[53]
图7 Cs2Ag0.6Na0.4In0.85Bi0.15Cl6单晶的X射线辐射性能表征[55]。(a)Cs2Ag0.6Na0.4In0.85Bi0.15Cl6、LuAG∶Ce与CsI∶Tl的RL谱图(剂量率189 μGyair·s-1,电压50 kV);(b)Cs2Ag0.6Na0.4In1-y Bi y Cl6衰减效率及光产额与Bi3+含量的关系;(c)Cs2Ag0.6Na0.4In0.85Bi0.15Cl6与CsI∶Tl的余辉曲线;(d)不同晶片厚度的Cs2Ag0.6Na0.4In0.85Bi0.15Cl6的MTF曲线;(e)Cs2Ag0.6Na0.4In0.85Bi0.15Cl6晶体在85 ℃处理50 h后经X射线辐照50 h的RL强度变化(剂量率12 μGyair·s-1,电压50 kV),插图显示了0、50及100 h时该晶体X射线成像电路板效果;(f)Cs2Ag0.6Na0.4In0.85Bi0.15Cl6晶体在低剂量率下的RL强度
Fig.7 Characterizations of X-ray scintillation properties of Cs2Ag0.6Na0.4In0.85Bi0.15Cl6 single crystals[55].(a) RL spectra of Cs2Ag0.6Na0.4In0.85Bi0.15Cl6, LuAG∶Ce and CsI∶Tl (dose rate: 189 μGyair·s-1, voltage: 50 kV); (b) attenuation efficiency and light yield of Cs2Ag0.6Na0.4In1-y Bi y Cl6 versus Bi3+ content; (c) afterglow curves of Cs2Ag0.6Na0.4In0.85Bi0.15Cl6 and CsI∶Tl; (d) corresponding MTF curves of Cs2Ag0.6Na0.4In0.85Bi0.15Cl6 wafers with different thicknesses; (e) integrated RL intensity of Cs2Ag0.6Na0.4In0.85Bi0.15Cl6 under thermal treatment for 50 h at 85 °C followed by X-ray illumination for another 50 h (dose rate: 12 μGyair·s-1, voltage: 50 kV), inset shows X-ray images of a circuit board acquired at three different stages (0, 50 and 100 h) at a voltage of 50 kV; (f) RL intensity of Cs2Ag0.6Na0.4In0.85Bi0.15Cl6 measured at low-dose rates
图8 (a)二维和三维钙钛矿晶体结构示意图[64];(b)不同取向二维钙钛矿的示意图:<100>平面、<110>平面、<111>平面,沿<100>、<110>、<111>方向的切割(灰色部分)产生相应不同类型的二维钙钛矿[64]
Fig.8 (a) Schematic illustrations of crystal structures of 2D and 3D perovskites[64]; (b) schematic of different oriented families of 2D perovskites: <100> plane, <110> plane, <111> plane, cuts along <100>, <110> and <111> directions (grey parts) result in the corresponding different types of 2D perovskites[64]
图9 二维钙钛矿晶体结构图,插图为n=3的RP、DJ和ACI相的同系列钙钛矿[75]。(a)、(b)RP相;(c)DJ相;(d)ACI相;(e)~(h)长链有机间隔阳离子的分子结构
Fig.9 Crystal structure of 2D perovskites. Illustration of the RP, DJ, and ACI phase homologous series with n=3[75]. (a), (b) RP phase; (c) DJ phase; (d) ACI phase; (e)~(h) molecular structure of long-chain organic spacer cations
图10 1∶1 Li- (PEA)2PbBr4单晶结构与闪烁特性[76]。(a)Li-(PEA)2PbBr4单晶晶体结构与光学照片,标尺为1 cm;1∶1 Li-(PEA)2PbBr4单晶的γ射线脉冲高度谱(b)与γ射线衰减时间(c),(b)图中黑线为高斯拟合的光产额与衰减时间,(c)图中黑线为三指数拟合的衰减时间;(d)α射线激发的脉冲高度谱;(e)脉冲形状甄别(PSD)矩阵图,其y轴为形状指标,x轴为测量能量(电子当量),插图中的绿色和蓝色曲线分别展示了来自137Cs源和241Am源的γ射线与α粒子的归一化平均波形;(f)1∶1 Li-(PEA)2PbBr4晶体在石墨中和的Am-Be中子源激发下的脉冲幅度高度谱,中子谱与137Cs谱分别用红色与蓝色点表示
Fig.10 Single crystal structure and scintillation properties of 1∶1 Li- (PEA)2PbBr4[76]. (a) Crystal structure and photograph of 1∶1 Li-(PEA)2PbBr4 single crystal. The lengths of black and white bars are 1 cm; gamma-ray pulse-height spectra (b) and gamma-ray excited decay (c) of 1∶1 Li-(PEA)2PbBr4, black line in (b) is the Gaussian fitting for extraction of light yield and energy resolution and in (c) is the three-component exponential decay fitting; (d) alpha particle pulse-height spectra; (e) pulse-shape discrimination (PSD) matrix with the shape indicator on y-axis and the measured energy (electron equivalent) on x-axis, the inset with the green and the blue curves shows the normalized average waveforms from both alpha particle and gamma-ray radiation of 137Cs and 241Am sources, respectively; (f) pulse height spectra measured with graphite-moderated Am-Be neutron source of 1∶1 Li-(PEA)2PbBr4 crystal. The pulse-height spectra of neutron and 137Cs sources are indicated by red and blue dots, respectively
图11 (PEA)2PbBr4单晶闪烁性能与辐射成像[86]。(a)直径达57 mm的大面积(PEA)2PbBr4单晶照片;(b)在相同X射线照射(237 μGy/s)条件下,(PEA)2PbBr4单晶、粉末和MC薄膜及CsI∶Tl单晶的光产额对比,样品厚度均控制在0.5 mm;(c)(PEA)2PbBr4单晶与CsI∶Tl的光产额衰减时间对比;(d)基于(PEA)2PbBr4单晶闪烁体的X射线成像仪结构;(e)将(PEA)2PbBr4单晶闪烁体集成到商用硅光电探测器阵列上形成X射线成像模块的照片;(f)由(PEA)2PbBr4单晶闪烁体拍摄的线图X射线图像及沿红线提取的线对灰度值曲线
Fig.11 Scintillation properties and radiation imaging properties of (PEA)2PbBr4 single crystal[86]. (a) Photograph of a large-area (PEA)2PbBr4 SC with a diameter of up to 57 mm; (b) RL comparison of the (PEA)2PbBr4 SC, powder, and MC thin film and CsI∶Tl SC under the same X-ray irradiation (237 μGy/s), the thicknesses of the samples were controlled at 0.5 mm; (c) RL decay time comparison of (PEA)2PbBr4 SC and CsI∶Tl; (d) structure of the X-ray imager based on a (PEA)2PbBr4 SC scintillator; (e) photograph of a (PEA)2PbBr4 SC scintillator integrated onto a commercial Si-photodetector array to form an X-ray imaging module; (f) X-ray image of a line chart taken by a (PEA)2PbBr4 SC scintillator and the gray-value profile of the line pairs extracted along the red line
图12 零维金属卤化物的A位阳离子、具有不同电子构型的B位阳离子及X位卤阴离子在元素周期表中的展示[91]
Fig.12 A-site cations, B-site cations with different electronic configurations and X-site halogen anions of 0D luminescent metal halides shown in the in the Periodic Table[91]
图13 0D全无机金属卤化物(a)和0D有机-无机杂化金属卤化物(b)结构示意图[92]
Fig.13 Structural models of 0D all-inorganic metal halides (a) and 0D organic-inorganic hybrid metal halides (b) [92]
图14 零维铅基金属卤化物Cs4PbBr6和Cs4PbI6闪烁性能表征[101]。(a)利用积分球测量的Cs4PbBr6的PLQY,插图是该晶体在375 nm紫外光激发图片;(b)利用时间校正单光子测量系统测量的LYSO(Ce)、Cs4PbBr6与EJ-228闪烁体对241Am α辐射源的闪烁衰减时间;(c)RL强度随40 keV X射线剂量率变化曲线,插图为由Cs4PbBr6单晶、光电倍增管和X射线组成的测量装置;(d)Cs4PbI6单晶的PXRD图谱;(e)Cs4PbI6单晶与其他典型超快闪烁体对241Am α源的闪烁衰减时间;(f)Cs4PbI6单晶RL强度随X射线剂量率的变化,测量范围为145 nGyair/s至3.75 μGy/s
Fig.14 Scintillation properties of 0D Pb-based metal halides Cs4PbBr6 and Cs4PbI6[101]. (a) PLQY measurement using an integrating sphere; the inset shows the luminescence of Cs4PbBr6 SCs under UV light (375 nm); (b) scintillation decay time of LYSO(Ce), Cs4PbBr6, and EJ-228 in response to alpha particles from a 241Am isotope source measured with the time-correlated single-photon counting system; (c) dose rate versus integrated RL spectra excited with 40 keV X-rays, inset shows a schematic of the measurement, which consists of Cs4PbBr6 SCs, a photomultiplier tube (PMT) and an X-ray dosimeter; (d) PXRD pattern of Cs4PbI6 SCs; (e) scintillation decay time profile of Cs4PbI6 SCs and other typical ultrafast scintillators to α particles excited from 241Am radioactive source; (f) RL intensity of Cs4PbI6 SCs as a function of dose rate, covering the range from 145 nGyair/s to 3.75 μGy/s
图15 Cs3Cu2I5和Cs3Cu2I5∶Tl单晶闪烁性能表征[27,105]。(a)布里奇曼法生长的Cs3Cu2I5与Cs3Cu2I5∶Tl晶体在坩埚中的照片,插图显示了它们在紫外灯激发下的照片(Cs3Cu2I5为254 nm,Cs3Cu2I5∶Tl为365 nm);(b)Cs3Cu2I5、Cs3Cu2I5∶Tl与NaI∶Tl在662 keV 137Cs γ射线源辐照的脉冲高度谱;(c)Cs3Cu2I5∶1%Tl与NaI∶Tl在相同条件下测得的光输出非线性;(d)生长的直径7 mm的Tl掺杂Cs3Cu2I5晶锭,插图为1 mm厚的样品在紫外灯激发下的图片;(e)Tl掺杂的Cs3Cu2I5与未掺杂晶体及其他传统闪烁晶体的光产额比较;(f)Cs3Cu2I5∶2%Tl在137Cs激发下的脉冲高度谱,测试器件为滨松R6231-100光电倍增管,逃逸峰来源可能为Cs与I原子
Fig.15 Scintillation properties of Cs3Cu2I5 and Cs3Cu2I5∶Tl single crystals[27,105]. (a) Photographs of Bridgman-grown bulk crystals inside quartz ampoules of intrinsic Cs3Cu2I5 and Cs3Cu2I5∶Tl, the insets show photographs of the crystals under UV illumination (254 nm for Cs3Cu2I5 and 365 nm for Cs3Cu2I5∶Tl); (b) pulse-height spectra of intrinsic Cs3Cu2I5, Cs3Cu2I5∶Tl, and reference NaI∶Tl under 662 keV of 137Cs; (c) light yield nonproportionality of Cs3Cu2I5∶1% Tl crystals with NaI∶Tl as the reference at the same measurement condition; (d) as-grown 7 mm diameter Tl-doped Cs3Cu2I5 crystal ingot, and a 1 mm thick sample under day light and ultraviolet light; (e) comparison of absolute light yield between Tl-doped Cs3Cu2I5∶Tl with undoped Cs3Cu2I5 and other classical scintillators; (f) pulse height spectra of Cs3Cu2I5∶2%Tl single crystal under 137Cs irradiation using a Hamamatsu R6231-100 PMT, the escape peak may come from Cs (Kα ≈31 keV) and I (Kα ≈29 keV) atoms
图16 Cs3Cu2I5∶Mn单晶辐射性能表征[107-108]。(a)CsI∶Tl、Cs3Cu2I5与最优的Cs3Cu2I5∶Mn晶体的光产额对比;(b)Cs3Cu2I5与掺杂15%Mn晶体在77~433 K的RL强度随温度变化曲线;(c)15%Mn晶体在室温与333 K温度范围内的RL强度稳定性变化;(d)Cs3Cu2I5∶Mn晶体光产额在不同射线源下的变化;(e)Cs3Cu2I5∶Mn晶体在137Cs γ射线源辐照下的衰减时间;(f)Cs3Cu2I5∶Mn晶体在137Cs γ射线源辐照下使用SiPM(Sensors-J60035)测量的脉冲高度谱
Fig.16 Scintillation properties of Cs3Cu2I5∶Mn single crystal[107-108]. (a) Comparison of light yields of CsI∶Tl, Cs3Cu2I5 and optimized Cs3Cu2I5∶Mn; (b) RL intensity of Cs3Cu2I5 and 15%Mn versus temperature at an ultra-large range of 77~433 K; (c) RL stabilities of 15%Mn against long-term operation stability under room temperature and 333 K; (d) the light yield of Cs3Cu2I5∶Mn crystal under different ray sources; (e) scintillation decay curves of Cs3Cu2I5∶Mn single-crystal under 137Cs γ-ray excitation; (f) pulse height spectra of Cs3Cu2I5∶Mn single-crystal under 137Cs ray sources using a SiPM (Sensors-J60035)
图17 Cs4SrI6∶Eu 4%(a)和Cs4CaI6∶Eu 4%(b)单晶的光产额和能量分辨率[114];(c)用与滨松R2059光电倍增管耦合的Cs4EuBr6和Cs4EuI6单晶测量的137Cs脉冲高度谱[115];(d)用与滨松R6231-100光电倍增管耦合的Cs4EuBr6和Cs4EuI6单晶测量的137Cs脉冲高度谱[115]
Fig.17 Pulse height spectra of Cs4SrI6∶Eu 4% (a) and Cs4CaI6∶Eu 4% (b) under 137Cs excitation[114]; (c) 137Cs pulse height spectra measured with Cs4EuBr6 and Cs4EuI6 single crystals coupled to a Hamamatsu R2059 PMT[115]; (d) 137Cs pulse height spectra measured with Cs4EuBr6 and Cs4EuI6 single crystals coupled to a Hamamatsu R6231-100 PMT[115]
图18 Cs2HfCl6及Cs2HfCl4Br2单晶的光产额和衰减时间[119,122]。(a)CHC闪烁体对662 keV伽马射线的时间分辨响应;(b)尺寸为0.65 cm3的Cs2HfCl6闪烁体与尺寸为1英寸×1英寸的NaI(Tl)单晶在137Cs源激发下的脉冲幅度高度谱,成形时间均为12 μs;(c)尺寸为0.65 cm3的CHCB闪烁单晶在137Cs源激发下的脉冲幅度高度谱,成形时间为10 μs;(d)CHCB闪烁体对662 keV伽马射线的时间响应轨迹,其快成分为0.18 μs(占比8%),慢成分为1.78 μs(占比92%)
Fig.18 Light yield and decay time of Cs2HfCl6 and Cs2HfCl4Br2 single crystals[119,122]. (a) Digital oscilloscope traces for timing measurements of the CHC scintillation response to 662 keV gammas; (b) pulse height spectra acquired with a 137Cs source of a Cs2HfCl6 crystal 0.65 cm3 in size, compared to a standard 1 inch×1 inch NaI(Tl) crystal, both measured with 12 μs shaping time; (c) pulse height spectra of a 0.65 cm3 sample of CHCB acquired with a 137Cs point source, measured with 10 μs shaping time; (d) traces for timing measurements of the CHCB scintillation response to 662 keV gammas, decay time has a fast component (8% of energy) of 0.18 μs and a slow component (92% of energy) of 1.78 μs
| Material | Dimension | Maximum emission/nm | Light yield/(photons·MeV-1) | Energy resolution/(%@662 keV) | Decay time (excited source) | Reference | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CsPbCl3 | 3D | 415, 600 | 330 | — | 0.3,5.6 ns (X-ray) | [ | |
| CsPbCl3 | 3D | 440, 600 | ~1 200 | — | 0.39,7.0 ns (X-ray) | [ | |
| CsPbBr3 | 3D | 535, 545 | ~5 000(7 K) | — | ~1 ns (X-ray) | [ | |
| MAPbI3 | 3D | 750 | 1 000, 296 000(10 K) | — | 4.3,52.2 ns (640 nm) | [ | |
| MAPbBr3 | 3D | 550,560 | 1 000, 152 000(10 K) | — | 0.8,5.2,45.4 ns (370 nm) | [ | |
| MAPbBr3 | 3D | 560 | 90 000(77 K); 116 000 (8 K) | — | 0.1,1 ns (X-ray) | [ | |
| MAPbCl3 | 3D | 432 | — | — | — | [ | |
| CH3NH3PbBr0.05Cl2.95 | 3D | ~420 | 18 000 | 10.5 | ~0.14 (X-ray) | [ | |
| Cs2NaTbCl6 | 3D | 548 | 46 600 | — | 0.76, 7.00 ms (548 nm) | [ | |
| Cs2NaEuCl6 | 3D | 593 | 1 250 | — | 0.1, 4.33 ms (612 nm) | [ | |
| Cs2Ag0.6Na0.4In1-y Bi y Cl6 | 3D | 605~652 | 39 000 | — | 1 ns, 2.8 μs (407~800 nm) | [ | |
| PEA2PbBr4 | 2D | 437 | 14 000 | 29 | 11 ns (X-ray) | [ | |
| (C6H5(CH2)2NH3)2Ba0.5Pb0.5Br4 | 2D | 440 | 1 600 | — | 8~9 ns (410 nm) | [ | |
| Li-(PEA)2PbBr4 | 2D | 436 | 11 000 | 12.4 | 11 ns (γ-ray) | [ | |
| BA2PbBr4 | 2D | 413 | 1 510 | — | 2.66 ns (γ-ray) | [ | |
| Cs4PbBr6 | 0D | 525 | — | — | 1.46 ns (α-ray) | [ | |
| Cs3Cu2I5 | 0D | 450 | 29 000 | 3.6 | 967 ns (γ-ray) | [ | |
| Cs3Cu2I5∶Tl | 0D | 530 | 87 000 | 3.4 | 717 ns (550 nm) | [ | |
| Cs3Cu2I5∶Mn | 0D | 445 | 95 772 | 3.79 | 3 ns (γ-ray) | [ | |
| (PPN)2SbCl5 | 0D | 635 | 49 000 | — | 4.1μs (X-ray) | [ | |
| [TPPen]2Mn0.9Zn0.1Br4 | 0D | 515 | 68 000 | — | 296.34 μs (515 nm) | [ | |
| Cs4SrI6∶Eu | 0D | 467 | 62 300 | 3.3 | 1.6 μs (370 nm) | [ | |
| Cs4EuBr6 | 0D | 459 | 78 000 | 4.3 | 3.72 μs (γ-ray) | [ | |
| Cs2HfCl6 | 0D | 400 | 54 000 | 3.3 | 4.37 μs (γ-ray) | [ | |
表1 不同维度金属卤化物钙钛矿单晶的闪烁性能
Table 1 Scintillation properties of metal halide perovskite single crystals of different dimensions
| Material | Dimension | Maximum emission/nm | Light yield/(photons·MeV-1) | Energy resolution/(%@662 keV) | Decay time (excited source) | Reference | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CsPbCl3 | 3D | 415, 600 | 330 | — | 0.3,5.6 ns (X-ray) | [ | |
| CsPbCl3 | 3D | 440, 600 | ~1 200 | — | 0.39,7.0 ns (X-ray) | [ | |
| CsPbBr3 | 3D | 535, 545 | ~5 000(7 K) | — | ~1 ns (X-ray) | [ | |
| MAPbI3 | 3D | 750 | 1 000, 296 000(10 K) | — | 4.3,52.2 ns (640 nm) | [ | |
| MAPbBr3 | 3D | 550,560 | 1 000, 152 000(10 K) | — | 0.8,5.2,45.4 ns (370 nm) | [ | |
| MAPbBr3 | 3D | 560 | 90 000(77 K); 116 000 (8 K) | — | 0.1,1 ns (X-ray) | [ | |
| MAPbCl3 | 3D | 432 | — | — | — | [ | |
| CH3NH3PbBr0.05Cl2.95 | 3D | ~420 | 18 000 | 10.5 | ~0.14 (X-ray) | [ | |
| Cs2NaTbCl6 | 3D | 548 | 46 600 | — | 0.76, 7.00 ms (548 nm) | [ | |
| Cs2NaEuCl6 | 3D | 593 | 1 250 | — | 0.1, 4.33 ms (612 nm) | [ | |
| Cs2Ag0.6Na0.4In1-y Bi y Cl6 | 3D | 605~652 | 39 000 | — | 1 ns, 2.8 μs (407~800 nm) | [ | |
| PEA2PbBr4 | 2D | 437 | 14 000 | 29 | 11 ns (X-ray) | [ | |
| (C6H5(CH2)2NH3)2Ba0.5Pb0.5Br4 | 2D | 440 | 1 600 | — | 8~9 ns (410 nm) | [ | |
| Li-(PEA)2PbBr4 | 2D | 436 | 11 000 | 12.4 | 11 ns (γ-ray) | [ | |
| BA2PbBr4 | 2D | 413 | 1 510 | — | 2.66 ns (γ-ray) | [ | |
| Cs4PbBr6 | 0D | 525 | — | — | 1.46 ns (α-ray) | [ | |
| Cs3Cu2I5 | 0D | 450 | 29 000 | 3.6 | 967 ns (γ-ray) | [ | |
| Cs3Cu2I5∶Tl | 0D | 530 | 87 000 | 3.4 | 717 ns (550 nm) | [ | |
| Cs3Cu2I5∶Mn | 0D | 445 | 95 772 | 3.79 | 3 ns (γ-ray) | [ | |
| (PPN)2SbCl5 | 0D | 635 | 49 000 | — | 4.1μs (X-ray) | [ | |
| [TPPen]2Mn0.9Zn0.1Br4 | 0D | 515 | 68 000 | — | 296.34 μs (515 nm) | [ | |
| Cs4SrI6∶Eu | 0D | 467 | 62 300 | 3.3 | 1.6 μs (370 nm) | [ | |
| Cs4EuBr6 | 0D | 459 | 78 000 | 4.3 | 3.72 μs (γ-ray) | [ | |
| Cs2HfCl6 | 0D | 400 | 54 000 | 3.3 | 4.37 μs (γ-ray) | [ | |
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