
人工晶体学报 ›› 2026, Vol. 55 ›› Issue (2): 241-252.DOI: 10.16553/j.cnki.issn1000-985x.2025.0211
收稿日期:2025-09-28
出版日期:2026-02-20
发布日期:2026-03-06
作者简介:张辉(1986—),男,山东省人,博士,副教授。E-mail:zhanghui_ccc@163.com
基金资助:Received:2025-09-28
Online:2026-02-20
Published:2026-03-06
摘要: 单晶硅各向异性湿法刻蚀特征表现较为复杂且极易受刻蚀条件及掩膜形状的影响,这导致其刻蚀结构面演化过程和形貌结构难以实现准确预测和控制。本研究基于单晶硅全晶面刻蚀速率和掩膜刻蚀结构的实验数据,详细分析了各向异性刻蚀机理及掩膜刻蚀成型过程,并利用Level-Set插值方法构建了单晶硅刻蚀形貌仿真模型(Si-LST),实现了利用少量晶面刻蚀速率精确插值全晶面刻蚀速率及任意掩膜下刻蚀形貌的精确模拟。结果表明,Si-LST针对凹膜、凸膜及复合掩膜均有较高的仿真精度,可以为单晶硅微结构加工成型和表面质量控制提供高效的工艺设计辅助。
中图分类号:
张辉, 钱珺. 单晶硅各向异性刻蚀特性分析及形貌仿真研究[J]. 人工晶体学报, 2026, 55(2): 241-252.
ZHANG Hui, QIAN Jun. Analysis of Anisotropic Etching Characteristics and Morphology Simulation of Crystal Silicon[J]. Journal of Synthetic Crystals, 2026, 55(2): 241-252.
图1 湿法刻蚀单晶硅半球实验结果。(a)单晶硅半球晶面刻蚀速率的俯视分布(红色为高刻蚀速率晶面,蓝色为低刻蚀速率晶面);(b)极值速率晶面在单晶硅半球上的位置分布;(c)单晶硅全晶面刻蚀速率曲线及主要晶面刻蚀表面形貌
Fig.1 Experiment results of wet etching crystal silicon hemisphere. (a) Etching rate top view distribution of crystal planes on crystal silicon hemisphere (red is high etching rate crystal plane,blue is low etching rate crystal plane);(b) position distribution of extreme rate crystal planes on crystal silicon hemisphere;(c) etching rate curve of all crystal silicon crystal planes and etching surface morphology of main crystal planes
图4 Si(100)凹窗掩膜侧壁刻蚀结构面成型过程。(a)凹窗掩膜形状及刻蚀结构;(b)侧壁结构面在不同阶段刻蚀进展
Fig.4 Forming process of etching structural surface on sidewall of Si(100) concave window mask. (a) Shape and etching structure of concave window mask;(b) etching progress of sidewall structure plane at different stages
图5 Si(100)凸台掩膜凸角结构成型过程。(a)凸台掩膜形状及刻蚀结构;(b)刻蚀初期凸角刻蚀结构;(c)凸角掩膜边界动态调整过程
Fig.5 Forming process of convex corner structure of Si(100) convex mask. (a) Shape and etching structure of convex mask;(b) convex corner etching structure at initial etching stage;(c) dynamic adjustment process of convex mask boundary
图6 单晶硅晶胞(a)、不同晶向的对称性特征(b)~(d)及三个典型硅晶面结构(e)~(g)
Fig.6 Crystal silicon unit cell (a),symmetry characteristics of different crystal orientations (b)~(d),and three typical silicon crystal plane structures (e)~(g)
| Etching rate | Crystal plane | Si原子配位类型:P% |
|---|---|---|
| Low | (0,3,9):100.0% | |
| Middle | (0,2,6):100.0% | |
(0,3,9):50.0% (2,1,7):50.0% | ||
| High | (311) | (1,1,5):30.0% (1,2,7):30.0% (0,3,9):30.0% |
| (2,1,7):100.0% |
表1 不同刻蚀速率晶面表面原子结构类型及比例
Table 1 Types and proportions of surface atomic structures on crystal planes with different etching rates
| Etching rate | Crystal plane | Si原子配位类型:P% |
|---|---|---|
| Low | (0,3,9):100.0% | |
| Middle | (0,2,6):100.0% | |
(0,3,9):50.0% (2,1,7):50.0% | ||
| High | (311) | (1,1,5):30.0% (1,2,7):30.0% (0,3,9):30.0% |
| (2,1,7):100.0% |
图9 基于四个晶面族{111}、{110}、{100}和{311}构建的非正交三维坐标系(a,b,c)
Fig.9 Non-orthogonal three-dimensional coordinate system (a,b,c) constructed based on four crystal plane groups {111},{110},{100},{311}
| Coordinate matrix | Scaling matrix | Coordinate transformation | Normalization factor |
|---|---|---|---|
a=x-y-2z b=y-z c=3z | 1/x | ||
a=x-2y-z b=z-y c=3y | 1/x | ||
a=(y-x)/2+z b=y-z c=3/2·(x-y) | 1/x | ||
a=(2y-x+z)/2 b=z-y c=3/2·(x-z) | 1/x | ||
a=(x+2y-z)/2 b=x-y c=3/2·(z-x) | 1/z | ||
a=-x-2y+z b=x-y c=3y | 1/z |
表2 六个非正交三维坐标区域坐标系变换关系式
Table 2 Transformation relationships of coordinate systems in six non-orthogonal three-dimensional coordinate regions
| Coordinate matrix | Scaling matrix | Coordinate transformation | Normalization factor |
|---|---|---|---|
a=x-y-2z b=y-z c=3z | 1/x | ||
a=x-2y-z b=z-y c=3y | 1/x | ||
a=(y-x)/2+z b=y-z c=3/2·(x-y) | 1/x | ||
a=(2y-x+z)/2 b=z-y c=3/2·(x-z) | 1/x | ||
a=(x+2y-z)/2 b=x-y c=3/2·(z-x) | 1/z | ||
a=-x-2y+z b=x-y c=3y | 1/z |
| Unit vector | Sphere scope | Interpolation rate calculation formula |
|---|---|---|
| [100][110][311] | ||
| [100][101][311] | ||
| [111][110][311] | ||
| [111][101][311] | ||
| [111][101][113] | ||
| [001][101][113] |
表3 六个非正交三维坐标区域刻蚀速率插值计算关系式
Table 3 Interpolation calculation formula of etching rate in six non-orthogonal three-dimensional coordinate regions
| Unit vector | Sphere scope | Interpolation rate calculation formula |
|---|---|---|
| [100][110][311] | ||
| [100][101][311] | ||
| [111][110][311] | ||
| [111][101][311] | ||
| [111][101][113] | ||
| [001][101][113] |
图10 71 ℃、40%KOH刻蚀条件下单晶硅全晶面刻蚀速率插值结果。(a)<111>晶向族俯视刻蚀速率;(b)<100>晶向族俯视刻蚀速率;(c)插值结果与实验数据对比
Fig.10 Interpolation results of etching rate of all crystal silicon crystal planes under etching condition of 71 ℃,40%KOH. (a) Top view etching rate in <111> crystal orientation family;(b) top view etching rate in <100> crystal orientation family;(c) comparison of interpolation results with experimental data
| Crystal plane | (100) | (110) | (210) | (211) | (221) | (310) | (311) | (320) | (331) | (530) | (540) | (111) | (411) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Etching rate at 40%KOH/(μm·min-1) | 0.60 | 1.25 | 1.26 | 0.50 | 0.54 | 0.95 | 0.90 | 1.10 | 0.80 | 1.16 | 1.18 | 0.01 | 0.76 |
表4 十三个典型晶面刻蚀速率
Table 4 Etching rates of thirteen typical crystal planes
| Crystal plane | (100) | (110) | (210) | (211) | (221) | (310) | (311) | (320) | (331) | (530) | (540) | (111) | (411) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Etching rate at 40%KOH/(μm·min-1) | 0.60 | 1.25 | 1.26 | 0.50 | 0.54 | 0.95 | 0.90 | 1.10 | 0.80 | 1.16 | 1.18 | 0.01 | 0.76 |
图11 十三个晶面刻蚀速率插值获取的全晶面刻蚀速率。(a)<111>晶向族俯视刻蚀速率;(b)<100>晶向族俯视刻蚀速率;(c)插值结果与实验数据对比
Fig.11 Etching rates of all crystal plane obtained by interpolation of etching rates of thirteen crystal planes. (a) Top view etching rate in <111> crystal orientation family;(b) top view etching rate in <100> crystal orientation family;(c) comparison of interpolation results with experimental data
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