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    15 October 2007, Volume 36 Issue 5
    Recent Progress of Synthetic Crystals in China
    JIANG Min-hua
    2007, 36(5):  951-956. 
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    This paper briefly reviews the progress of crystal growth and crystal materials in China during recent years.
    Bridgman Growth of Oxide Scintillators for Industrial Applications
    XU Jia-yue;YE Chong-zhi;CHU Yao-qing;LIAO Jing-ying;GE Zeng-wei;FAN Shi-ji
    2007, 36(5):  957-961. 
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    Scintillation crystals have been extensively used in high energy physics ,nuclear medical image and radiation detectors. High performance, large size and lower cost scintillation crystals are requested for these industrial applications. In the present work, we reported recent progress on the Bridgman growth of bismuth germanate ( BGO ), lead tungstate PbWO4 (PWO) and tellurium dioxide ( TeO2 ) crystals in Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences. The advantages and limits of the modified vertical Bridgman method for mass production of oxide scintillators have been discussed also.
    Surface Treatment of 6H-SiC Substrates
    CHEN Xiu-fang;XU Xian-gang;HU Xiao-bo;YANG Guang;NING Li-na;WANG Ying-min;LI Juan;JIANG Shou-zhen;JIANG Min-hua
    2007, 36(5):  962-966. 
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    6H-SiC is a more promising substrate than sapphire used for the growth of GaN high power devices. The influence of surface treatments such as lapping, chemi-mechanical polishing on surface properties of 6 H-SiC substrates was studied. Substrate surfaces were investigated by means of optical microscopy, atomic force microscopy, Raman spectroscopy and Rutherford backscattering spectrometry.The results show that the surface quality was improved after two-step chemi-mechanical polishing processes. Substrates after chemimechanical polishing have superior surface morphology, high transmission and least subsurface damage and the surface roughness (RMS) is 0.12nm. High quality GaN epitaxial layers on 6H-SiC substrates were obtained using a metal organic chemical vapor deposition growth technique.
    Growth and Luminescence Properties of Lutetium Pyrosilicate (Lu2Si2O7:Ce) Scintillation Crystals
    REN Guo-hao;LI Huan-ying;LU Sheng;DING Dong-zhou;FENG He;WANG Guang-dong
    2007, 36(5):  967-970. 
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    Cerium-doped lutetium pyrosilicate (LPS:Ce) crystal is a new found inorganic scintillator with promising scintillation properties. A boule with dimension of φlSmm × 40mm was grown successfully by using the Czochralski method. It's crystal structure was determined to be monoclinic with space group of C2/m and some inclusions was found to be composed of LPS and quartz. The optical transmission, UV and X-ray excited emission spectra, as well as decay curves were measured at room temperature. The cutoff edge of LPS:Ce crystals shifts to 350nm after doped with cerium ions. Two emissions peaks, 384nm and 412nm can be fitted into in the UV and X-ray excited emission spectra. The decay time of the fluorescence can be fitted with one exponential terms, 38.75ns, these two emission result from the transition of electrons from 5d to two ground levels (2F5/2 and 2F7/2)of Cerium ions(Ce3+)in the LPS crystals. The difference of luminescence between LPS: Ce and LSO: Ce can be explained from the difference of the crystal structure of these two types of crystals.
    Growth, Spectroscopic and Lasing Characteristics of Nd3+: LiLa (MoO4)2 Crystal
    HUANG Xin-yang;ZHANG Li-zhen;LIN Zhou-bin;WANG Guo-fu
    2007, 36(5):  971-977. 
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    Nd3+: LiLa(MoO4)2 crystals with dimension φ20×34mm3 have been grown by Czochralski method. The spectroscopic characteristics of Nd3+:LiLa(MoO4)2 crystals were investigated. Based on Judd-Ofelt theory, the spectral parameters, such as the intensity parameters Ωλ (λ = 2, 4, 6 ), the spontaneous emission probability, the fluorescence branching ratios, the radiative lifetime and the fluorescence quantum efficiency have been obtained. The absorption cross sections are 9.52 and 4.46 ×10-20cm2 for π - and σ-polarization, respectively. The emission cross sections are 0.67 and 1.02 × 10-19cm2 for π- and σ-polarization, respectively. Under the single Xenon flash lamp pumped, the maximum pulse laser output was 74.4 mJ at 1.06μm. The laser energy threshold value Eth was 0.676J. The overall and slope efficiencies were 0.39; and 0.48;. Nd3 + :LiLa( MoO4 )2 crystal is suggested as a potential high efficient laser crystal for diode laser pumping.
    Photocatalytic Activities of Layered Intercalated Materials H2Fe2Ti3O10/TiO2 under UV and Visible Light Irradiation
    HUANG Yun-fang;WU Ji-huai;LI Tao-hai;LIN Jian-ming;HUANG Miao-liang;WEI Yue-lin
    2007, 36(5):  978-984. 
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    A new nanocomposite,H2Fe2Ti3O10/TiO2 was synthesized by the stepwise intercalation reactions of H2Fe2Ti3O10 with n-C3H7NH2/C2H5OH mixed solution and acid TiO2 colloid solution. H2Fe2Ti3O10,a layered perovskite type compound with TiO2-loading, exhibited a high activity for decomposition of methyl orange under UV and visible light irradiation.The experimental results showed that methyl orange was degraded with the decomposition ratio of 59.0; by using H2Fe2Ti3O10/TiO2 as photocatalyst under visible light(λ>420nm)irradiation for 24h. The H2Fe2Ti3O10/TiO2 possessed higher photocatalytic activity than those commercial titania powder(Degussa P-25) which showed the decomposition ratio just only 24; under same condition.
    Determination of the Nonlinear Optical Coefficients of the Borophosphate Crystal BaBPO5
    WANG Xi-an;FU Pei-zhen;PAN Shi-lie;ZHU Yong
    2007, 36(5):  985-990. 
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    The nonlinear optical coefficients of the borophosphate crystal BaBPO5 were measured by the maker fringe fringe technique:d11(BaBPO5)=(0.439±0.002)d36(KH2PO4),d13(BaBPO5)=(0.425±0.008)d36(KH2PO4), at the 1064nm fundamental light. The experimental results were agreement with the theoretical ones well . And the coherent lengths of BaBPO5 were calculated : l11=16.985±0.301μm,l12=16.972±0.304μm. The relative sign of the coefficients and the coherent lengths of BaBPO5 crystal were determined. And the optical damage threshold was estimated for the laser beam (10ns pulse, 1064nm and 10Hz), which is more than 900 MW/cm2.
    Bonding Analysis on the Crystallization of Magnesium Carbonate Hydrates
    YAN Xiao-xing;Li Yun-fei;XUE Dong-feng;YAN Cheng-lin;WANG Lei
    2007, 36(5):  991-999. 
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    The chemical bonding theory is used to investigate the fundamental crystallization behaviours of magnesium carbonate hydrate crystals Mg5(CO3)4OH)2·4H2O and MgCO3·3H2O in terms of crystallographic structure, with the aim to guide and control the practical crystal growth. The ideal morphology of Mg5(CO3)4(OH)2·4H2O and MgCO3·3H2O crystals has readily been predicted, by calculating the vertical growth rate of selected planes in terms of the bond number and bond strength. Theoretically,Mg5 (CO3)4(OH)2·4H2O crystal exhibits hexagonal plate-shaped characteristics, while MgCO3·3H2O crystal possesses a hexagonal prism morphology. Experimentally, the hexagonal Mg5(CO3)4(OH)2·4H2O micro-platelets and MgCO3 ·3H2O micro-prisms with reproducible shape can be obtained by a simple liquid phase reaction. Theoretical results are in a good agreement with our experimental observations. Single crystal growth can be improved by tuning the bonding modification of constituent atoms or ions, such a process can leave us a great space to kinetically maximize our experimental strategies.
    Simulation of Area Density of Self-organized Growth Quantum Dots by Diffusion
    YANG Rui-dong;WANG Quan-biao;SONG Chao;WANG Chong;YANG Yu
    2007, 36(5):  1000-1004. 
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    The studies of the island area density on the six-lattices substrate by using Monte Carlo method are reported in this paper. The model based on the adatoms diffusion process has been obtained in the simulation for the growth of self-organized islands. The results show that the islands coverage has the maximum growth area coverage of 23;. The maximal theoretical area density of quantum dots can be estimated theoretically according to the coverage.
    Synthesis, Crystal Structure and Optical Properties of Non-centrosymmetric Borate, Bi2 ZnB2O7
    LI Ming;CHEN Xue-an;CHANG Xin-an;ZANG He-gui;XIAO Wei-qiang
    2007, 36(5):  1005-1010. 
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    A non-centrosymmetric borate, Bi2ZnB2 O7, has been prepared by solid-state reactions at temperature below 700℃. The single-crystal X-ray structural analysis showed that it crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group Pba2 with a=1.0819(2)nm,b=1.1023(2)nm,c=0.4890(1)nm,Z =4. It has a three dimensional (3D) structure in which [B2O5]4- and[B2O7]8-groups are bridged by [ZnO4]6-tetrahedra through sharing O atoms to form 2D2∞[ZnB2O7]6-layers that are further bridged by Bi3+cations giving rise to the final 3D framework. The IR spectrum confirms the presence of both[BO3]3-and [BO4]5- groups, second-harmonic-generation measurements display a response of about 4 × KDP (KH2PO4), and UV-vis diffuse reflectance spectrum shows an absorption edge at about 360 nm.
    Fabrication and Characterization of Si3N4 Nanostructures with Different Morphology
    DU Hong-li;GAO Chuan-bao;JI Feng-qiu
    2007, 36(5):  1011-1016. 
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    Single crystalline Si3N4 nanowires and nanobelts have been synthesized by vapor-liquid-solid (VLS) and vapor-solid (VS) mechanism respectively. Their morphologies and microstructures were determined by X-ray diffraction (XRD) ,scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The FTIR spectra of them show a broad absorption band in the range of 800-1100cm-1 which corresponded to the stretching vibration absorption peaks of the Si-N. Photoluminescence(PL) measurements of them under excitation at 280nm at room temperature show a broad blue emission band at about 420nm, suggesting their potential applications in light emission nanodevices. In addition,the peak position of Si3N4 nanowires had blue shift according to the peaks of Si3N4 nanobelts, which might be related to the dimension difference between them. The results also show the PL intensity of the nanobelts was stronger than that of nanowires which might be resulted from the different defect concentrations.
    Thermodynamics Analysis of PbI2 Polycrystal Synthesis through Vapor Transporting
    ZHU Xing-hua;ZHAO Bei-jun;ZHU Shi-fu;JIN Ying-rong;HE Zhi-yu;GAO De-you;WEI Zhao-rong
    2007, 36(5):  1017-1021. 
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    The molar enthalpy change, the molar entropy increase, the Gibbs free energy and the balance constant of PbI2 polycrystal synthesis reaction were calculated in this paper. Based on the thermodynamics analysis,the feasibility of controlling synthesis reaction temperature on 723K upon the melting point (678K) of PbI2 was discussed also. Through the craft controlling on 723K,highly pure and single phase PbI2 polycrystal was synthesized by two temperature vapor transporting method(TVM).The result of XRD analysis indicates the temperature controlling craft accordant with thermodynamics calculating which can be used for PbI2 pelycrystal synthesis effectively.
    Electrical Properties Mismatched Interface between InP and GaP
    LI Guo-hua;SUN Yan-ning;Aristo Yulius;Christine C.Broadbridge;Jerry M.Woodall
    2007, 36(5):  1022-1025. 
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    The electrical properties of the mismatched interface between InP and GaP have been investigatedted. High resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) image shows the presence of strain relieving,90°misfit dislocations at the InP/GaP interface. Electrochemical capacitance voltage(ECV)profiling indicates the presence of a high-density sheet of carriers at the interface. AFM image shows a pretty good InP epitaxial layer with surface roughness of 2.48nm has been obtained. A model based on Fermi-level pinning in InP at the interface by misfit dislocations is proposed to account for the observed electrical behavior.
    Electronic Conductance of Pyrene Molecule (A Piece of Graphite Crystal)
    WANG Li-guang;ZHANG Hong-yu;CHEN Lei;LI Yong;YU Ding-wen;Katsunori Tagami;Masaru Tsukada
    2007, 36(5):  1026-1030. 
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    The electronic conductance and the current distributions of the pyrene molecule is investigated theoretically by using the quantum theory, in which the tight-binding method based on Green's function and the hoping at the interface is adopted. The theoretical results show that the electron conductance spectrum depends on the electronic energy, the conductance currents have the definite direction and agree well with Kirchhoff quantum current conservation. In addition, the plus-minus energy switching function of the pyrene molecular bridge is found.
    Investigation of InGaAs Strain Reducing Layer on the Redshift of PL Wavelength for InAs Quantum Dots
    YU Zhong-yuan;LIU Yu-min;REN Xiao-min
    2007, 36(5):  1031-1034. 
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    A systematical investigation about the strain distributions around the InAs/GaAs quantum dots using the finite element method is presented. A special attention is paid to the influence of In0.2Ga0.8As strain reducing layer. The numerical results show that the horizontal and vertical strains components are reinforced in the InAs quantum dot due to the strain reducing layer. The hydrostatic strain and biaxial strain, which are significant to the electronic structure, are also increased in the quantum dot. In the framework of eight-band k·p theory, we studied the band edge modification in the presence of strain reducing layer. Results demonstrate that the strain reducing layer yield the decreasing of band gap, I. E. ,the redshift phenomenon observed in experiment. Our calculated results show that the degree of the redshift will increase with increasing the thickness of the strain reducing layer. The calculated results can explain the experiment results in literature, and further confirmed that the long wavelength emission used for optical fiber communications are realizable by adjusting the dependent parameters.
    Self-assembly and Crystal Structure of Microporous Fluorogallophosphate Ga3P3O12F·0.5( 1,8-C8H22N2) under Hydrothermal Conditions
    YANG Yu-lin;HU Wei;LIU Xin-rong;LI Lin;JIANG Zhao-hua
    2007, 36(5):  1035-1038. 
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    A three-dimensional microporous fluorogallophosphate Ga3P3O12F·0.5(1,8-C8H12N2)(named Hit-6) was synthesized from self-assembly of simple mixture under the mild hydrothermal conditions. The molar ratio of the initial raw mixture was GaOOH:H3PO4:HF:1 8-diaminooctane:H2O = 1:2:1:1:555.The 3-D anionic framework of Hit-6 is constructed from Ga3P3 hexamer structural units. Ga3P3 structural units are linked by vertex-sharing to form a 3-D nanoporous material with 8-ring channels along the [101]direction.
    Effect of Low Concentration P on Yb: YVO4 Single Crystal
    ZHAO Bin;CHEN Yan-ping;CHEN Jian-zhong
    2007, 36(5):  1039-1044. 
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    Yb:Ypx V1-x O4(x = 0.02,0.06,0.10) single crystals were grown by Czochralski method . The analytic result of XRD indicates that the structure of crystal was remain tetragonal zircon-type structure and the lattice parameters were decreased linearly with increasing x. The measurement of ICP emission spectrum shows that the effective segregation coefficient Keff of P element in crystal is 1, but that of Yb3+ion in crystal decreased when x increases. The absorption coefficient and cross-section increases then decreased when the concentration of P element increased. A two phonon-like behavior was shown in the Raman spectra of Yb: Ypx V1-xO4 crystal, and a peak shifting to high-frenquecy with line broadening occurred when the x value increased.
    Preparation of Nanocrystalline NiO and Process Analysis
    LI Jian-fen;XIAO Bo;DU Li-juan;YAN Rong;LIANG David-tee
    2007, 36(5):  1045-1051. 
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    The objective of this study is to develop a novel and effective nano-NiO catalyst to be used in biomass gasification for tar removal. For this purpose, in this study, nanocrystalline NiO particles were successfully prepared by the homogeneous precipitation method, and different approaches including thermogravimetric analysis, Fourier transforms infrared spectrometry, X-ray diffraction, BET surface area measurement and transmission electron microscopy were used to characterize the nano-NiO particles and its precursors. Meanwhile, the process of the nanocrystalline NiO particles derived from precursors was thoroughly analyzed. The analysis results indicated that the as-synthesized precursor was hydrated nickelbasic carbonates and its formula was identified as NiCO3 · 2Ni(OH)2 · nH2O, and it can completely transform into nanocrystalline NiO particles below 360℃ under the air atmosphere. Furthermore, the effect of calcination conditions on the crystalline size of nanocrystalline NiO are very crucial. The prepared NiO nanoparticles were found spherical in shape, could be well dispersed and demonstrated weak agglomeration. They had generally high purity and a fine crystal phase of cubic syngony with a mean size of about 7.5nm and specific surface area of 187.98 m2/g, the high specific surface areas of the NiO nanoparticles suggested its possibility of application as efficient catalytic materials.
    Study on the Growth or Conductivities of Rb + or Cs + Doped KTP Crystals
    CHANG Xin-an;ZANG He-gui;CHEN Xue-an;XIAO Wei-qiang;ZHANG Shu-feng
    2007, 36(5):  1052-1055. 
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    Rb +: KTP and Cs +: KTP crystals have been grown respectively by slow cooling method in KTP-K6 high temperature solutions with 5mol; Rb+ or Cs+. It is found that the crystal growth habit has been changed by the doping. The distribution coefficients of Rb+ or Cs+ in corresponding growth system are 0.646 and 0.08 respectively. The lattice parameters a0 and b0 of doped KTP crystal are slightly longer than those of pure KTP crystal. By the doping of Rb+ or Cs+, the conductivity along c-direction of KTP crystal decrease obviously, but the transmission propertes of KTP crystal in wave range of 350-1100nm have not be affected.
    Growth Characteristic of Scheelite SrWO4 Film by Using Electrochemical Technique at Room Temperature
    AN Hong-na;YANG Zu-nian;XIAO Ding-quan;YU Ping;LIU Zhi-qiang;CHEN Lian-ping;HUANG Xin;WANG Hui
    2007, 36(5):  1056-1061. 
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    Strontium tungstate(SrWO4)films were prepared directly on metal tungsten substrates at room temperature in different time from the early stage to the terminal stage of film growth by using constant current electrochemical technique. The growth process of SrWO4 films was investigated through the SEM and EDX measurement. It was found that the crystalline nucleus and granules of the SrWO4 films choose the defect positions on the substrates prior to form and grow; at the early stage of the film growth, a quantity of WO4 anion coordination polyhedra deposit on the substrate and form the scheelite framework,then the Sr2+ ions fill in the framework resulting in the crystalline nucleus and granules; along with the increase of the deposition time, the number of the crystalline granules increases continually, the crystalline nucleus and granules grow up and bifurcate along the direction of its c axis growth, the bigger the crystalline granules are the more the offshoots are; at last, the SrWO4 crystalline granules become cauliflower form, and bestrew the whole tungsten substrate to form the compact SrWO4 crystalline films.The results of present research have great significance for the understanding of the growth mechanism of crystalline films and the controlling of the growth processes of the crystalline films by using electrochemical technique.
    FePO4 as a Positive Electrode Material for Lithium Secondary Batteries
    CAO Chuan-bao;TANG Yi-hui;LIAO Bo
    2007, 36(5):  1062-1068. 
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    Amorphous hydrated iron (Ⅲ) phosphate was prepared by spontaneous precipitation from aqueous solution of FeCl3 and Na3PO4 under control pH. The material was characterized by chemical analysis, thermal analysis, X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. The as prepared amorphous FePO4·1.3 H2O which delivered an initial capacity of up to 130mA·h ·g-1 at a current density of 0.2mA·cm-2 with good rechargeability, appears to be a promising candidate to positive electrode materials for lithium batteries. However, the crystalline hexagonal FePO4 which was obtained by heating the amorphous hydrate at 700℃ exhibits a lower capacity. Ball-milling could improve the electrochemical performance of the products due to more active materials content. The loss of capacity for materials formed at high temperature could be related to the formation of inactive phases of Fe3PO at 500℃ and Fe3P2.93O19.17 at 700℃.
    Hydrothermal Synthesis and Structural Characterization of a Three-dimensional Open-framework Vanadium Phosphate DAP-V9P8
    WANG Yong-zai;LIAO Li-bing;LI Guo-wu
    2007, 36(5):  1069-1078. 
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    A new three dimensional open-framework vanadium phosphate,[H3N(CH2)3NH3]2[H3N(CH2)3NH2][H2N(CH2)3NH2] [V(H2O)2(VO)8 ( OH)4 (PO4)4(HPO4)4]·4H2O(DAP-V9P8),has been hydrothermaly synthesized using 1, 3-diaminopropane(1, 3-DAP ) as structure-directing molecule and characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction, infrared spectrum and thermogravimetric analysis. The compound exhibits a complicated framework structure consisted of corner-linked [VO5],[VO6], [PO4] and [HPO4] polyhedrons. There are interconnected channel system including a very large channel of 1.82nm of diameter in the structure. The 1,3-DAP molecules located inside the channels have three different conformations based on their crystallographic positions. It is noteworthy that the carbon chain of 1,3-DAP molecules in the center of the elliptical cavity is a linear type. Crystal data:a =1.4820(9) nm,b=1. 0255 (4)nm,c=1. 8181 (9)nm,β =90. 391(8)° ,P21/n (No.14) ,R1 =0.0772,wR2 = 0. 2004 (I>(2σI)). Systematic structural comparison of DAP-V9P8 with isoframework compounds also been made.
    Preparation and Characterization of Filtering Tube of Ceramic Composite with Pore-gradient Structure
    WANG Yao-ming;XUE You-xiang;MENG Xian-qian;ZHANG Lian-meng
    2007, 36(5):  1079-1084. 
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    Ceramic filters have a great potential for applications in high temperature dust collection due to their high erosion resistance and mechanical strength at elevated temperatures. In this work, a filtering tube of cordierite ceramic composite with pore-gradient structure was fabricated and studied, which is made up of a porous cordierite ceramic support, a transition layer and a separation layer of fiber-reinforced composite, having a porosity of 35;-40;, 50;-60; and 60;-70;, respectively. The thermal shock resistance test against the temperature difference of ca. 1000℃ and room temperature simulation on dust gas filtration were mainly carried out. The results show that the total filtration efficiency of the dust particulates larger than 0. 1μm is 98.5; and maximum value reaches to 99.9;.
    Simulation of Temperature Field in the Growth of Diamond Crystals by Hot Filament CVD and Experimental Study
    ZUO Wei;SHEN Bin;SUN Fang-hong;CHEN Ming
    2007, 36(5):  1085-1090. 
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    Single crystal diamonds were grown on small diamond abrasive particles which were employed as seed crystals using HFCVD method. The influence of many factors, such as the size and arrangement of hot filaments, the temperature field of substrate and the distribution of small diamond abrasive particles on the growth rate and quality of homoepitaxial single crystal diamonds were analyzed. Three-dimensional finite element models were developed to investigate the temperature field in the CVD reactor which made significant contributions to the growth of single crystal diamonds. Based on the temperature distribution measured by thermocouple fixed in CAD reactor, the simulation was validated and the optimum arrangement of seed crystals was established from the simulation results. Furthermore, the simulation model was altered to optimize the process parameters of HFCVD deposition, and an improved process of depositing single crystal diamonds with high efficiency and great crystal shape was obtained, which laid the foundation of developing a new process of depositing large single crystal diamonds. As while, the CVD homoepitaxial coating recovery suggested a new method to improve the grade of crystal shape by HPHT process.
    Characterization of Cordierite Synthesized from Aluminum Waste Slag
    WU Ren-ping;RUAN Yu-zhong;YU Yan
    2007, 36(5):  1091-1095. 
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    Cordierite was synthesized from three main starting materials: the waste slag of an aluminum factory, talc powder and clay. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to characterize the crystal structure and microstructures. The amount of each crystal phase was calculated by Rietveld Quantification. The parameters of the unit cell for each crystal phase were determined using Philips X'pert plus software. The results show that the synthesized cordierite possesses the same hexagonal structure as pure cordierite (space group P6/mcc) with only a slight variation of lattice parameters. The results also reveal the existence of some mullite solid solution and Mg-Al spinel in the sample. The maximum amount of cordierite(86;) was obtained through the recipe corresponding to sample No. 3, in which the optimum amount for talc powder, clay, waste slag and quartz are 22.0;,24.0;,48.0; and 6.0; respectively. The crystal structures for all the byproducts are conventional except for slightly distorted lattice parameters and volume.
    A Possible Twin Structure in Hsianghualite Morphology
    ZHAO Shan-rong;YANG Ming-ling;LU Lian;Wang Wen-kui
    2007, 36(5):  1096-1099. 
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    The morphology of hsianghualie, the first new mineral discovered in China, is very complex.In this paper, we restudy the hsianghualite morphology, based on the fact that the right and left forms appear on hsianghualite morphology,it is realized that the right and left forms can not combine each other on a single crystal morphology but can compose a twin. Based on this realization, we propose that the hsianghualite morphology published before is not a single crystal morphology but a twin. This realization is important for our knowledge about crystal symmetry and crystal morphology, and is helpful to make clear of some basic concepts which had not obtained enough attention of us for a long time in the past.
    Synthesis and Crystal Structure of a Novel Compound-α-cyano-α-ferrocenylethoxytrimethylsilane
    WANG Xiao-li;BIAN Zhan-xi;BAO Hua-ying
    2007, 36(5):  1100-1104. 
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    The title compound, α-cyano-α-ferrocenylethoxytrimethylsilane(C16 H21 FeNOSi,Mr=327.28),was synthesised by the reaction of adding trimethysilyl cynide to acetyfferrocene, in the presence of ZnI2 in CH2 Cl2, and characterized by1H NMR, IR and elemental analysis. The crystal structure was determined by X-ray diffraction methods. The compound crystallises in the orthorhombic space group Pbca, with the cell dimensions of a=1.1995 (4)nm,b = 1.2441 (4) nm,c=2.2183(7)nm,β =90°,V=3.3103 (18)nm3,Z=8,Dcacl =1.313g· cm-3,λ =0. 071073nm,μ(MoKα) =0. 979mm-1 and F(000) =1376. The structure was refined to R =0. 0456 and ωR =0. 0880 for 2148 observed reflections with I>2σ(I). The molecule consists of a ferrocene unit and an ethoxytrimethysilane group and a super conjugate effect may exist in the title compound.
    Synthesis and Crystal Structure of a Helical Complex [Zn(C28H20N4O2)(CH3OH)]
    DANG Dong-bin;BAI Yan;LI Hai-yan
    2007, 36(5):  1105-1108. 
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    The complex,[Zn(C28 H20 N4 O2)(CH3 OH)]was synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis and IR spectroscopy. The single crystal structure analysis shows that the complex exhibits a single-stranded helix with the Zn (Ⅱ) atom having a distorted trigonal bipyramidal configuration.Edge-to-face and edge-to-edge π…π stacking interactions and C-H…π interactions between the aromatic rings and O-H…O hydrogen bonds lead to a three-dimensional network in the crystal structure. Crystal data for the complex: triclinic, space group P(1-)with a =0.9303(2)nm,b = 1. 0413(2) nm,c = 1. 4625 (3)nm,α=96.340(10)°,β=103.160(10)°,γ=112. 500(10)°,V = 1.2434(4)nm3,Z =2,dc=1.447g·cm-3 ,T=293(2)K,μ=1.027mm-1.F(000)=560,R1=0.0463,wR2=0.0941[I>2σ(I)].
    Preparation for ≥99.5; Polycrystal Alumina Ceramics at Low Temperature
    ZHANG Wei-ru;SUN Feng;TIAN Ting-yan;CHEN Bo;WANG Pei
    2007, 36(5):  1109-1112. 
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    The polycrystal ceramics with the content of alumina more than 99.5wt; were prepared by sintering at low temperature with rare earth oxide Y2O3 and Tm2O3 as sintering aids. Addition of Y2O3 and Tm2O3 in the alumina powders decreased the sintering temperature and improved the relative density effectively. Compared to monolithic alumina ceramics and alumina ceramics with single rare earth oxide addition,the mixture, Y2O3 + Tm2O3, can restrain the growth of grains, and make the size of grains uniform, and finally form a compact structure. The trans-granular fracture is the main fracture mode for the polycrystal alumina ceramics with Y2O3 + Tm2O3. The size of grains is from 3 to 5μm, and the maximum bending strength is 533MPa, hardness is 17.2GPa.
    Fabrication of Rutile Sn-doped TiO2 Nanocrystals by Hydrothermal Method
    WEI Zhi-ren;LUO Xiao-ping;FU San-ling;LI Zhe;HU Zhi-peng;GAO Ping;WANG Wei-wei;DONG Guo-yi
    2007, 36(5):  1113-1117. 
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    In this paper, pure rutile Sn-doped TiO2 nanocrystals were synthesized by hydrothermal method, with TiCl3 and SnCl4 aqueous solutions as the precursor, at 180℃ for 24h. When the ratio of Ti3+/Sn4+ in the precursor solution was 4:1, EDS spectra show that the atomic percent concentration of the doped-Sn4+ in the synthesized rutile TiO2 nanocrystals was 1;. When the ratio of Ti3+/Sn4+ was changed to 1:1 ,the atomic percent concentration of doped-Sn4+ was up to 2.8;. It's indicate that it is hard for Sn atoms to dope into the lattices of rutile TiO2 nanocrystals by the way of lattice- substituting.
    Influence of Temperature of Carbonization Gas Introduction on the Growth of 3C-SiC films
    ZHENG Hai-wu;GUO Feng-li;SU Jian-feng;GU Yu-zong;ZHANG Hua-rong;FU Zhu-xi
    2007, 36(5):  1118-1122. 
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    3C-SiC(100)films with preferred orientation were grown on Si (100) substrates by low-pressure chemical vapor deposition (LPCVD). The rocking curves of the SiC (200) peaks show that the crystalline quality of the films is improved with increasing temperature of propane introduction (abbreviated Tgi). Representative Selected area electron diffraction (SAED) patterns show that the film carbonized at higher Tgi has more preferable orientation than that carbonized at relatively low Tgi. Defects (stacking faults) were observed through the typical high resolution transmitted electron microscopy (HRTEM) image in the film. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) images indicate that the surface morphologies of the films vary with increasing Tgi.
    Novel Structure and Morphology of Self-standing Diamond Film Deposited by DC Arc Plasma Jet CVD
    CHEN Guang-chao;LAN Hao;LI Bin;DAI Feng-wei;XUE Qian-jin;J.C.Askari;SONG Jian-hua;HEI Li-fu;LI Cheng-ming;LU Fan-xiu
    2007, 36(5):  1123-1126. 
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    High powered, 30kW, DC arc plasma jet CVD was applied to deposit novel structure of self standing diamond film. 2-, 3- and 4-layered structure films were fabricated by fluctuating the ratio of methane to hydrogen. Scanning electronic spectroscopy (SEM) results showed that the layered structures were composed of columnar grains and very fine grains. Raman spectra showed that the layer with very fine grains possessed the laser scattering feature jue to nano-sized diamond grain. A kind of novel morphology with very nice faceted surface of grain was found under very high ratio of methane to hydrogen, which of value was over 15;.
    Preparation of Carbon Nanotubes Supporting Bismuth Oxide Nanometer Particle and Its Catalysis on Thermal Decomposition of Ammonium Dinitramide
    LI Xiao-dong;YANG Yan;YANG Rong-jie
    2007, 36(5):  1127-1131. 
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    Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) supporting bismuth oxide ( Bi2O3 ) nanometer particle ( Bi2O3/CNTs) was prepared by the microwave radiation method. Bi2O3/CNTs nanometer particle was determined by means of scan electron microscopy ( SEM ), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy ( XPS ) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The catalytic property of Bi2O3/CNTs nanometer particle on thermal decomposition of ammonium dinitramide (AND) was investigated by TG and DSC. The results show that nanometer Bi2O3 was coated uniformly on the surface of CNTs. Average size of nanometer Bi2O3 is 8nm. Initial thermal decomposition temperature and ending thermal decomposition temperature of AND decrease 12.8℃ and 29.3℃, respectively when addition amount of Bi2O3/CNTs nanometer particle is 3;. NwH4N(NO2 )2→ NH4NO3 + N2O is dominant reaction of initial thermal decomposition of AND.
    Effects of Substrate Temperature on the Properties of N-doped p-type ZnO Films Deposited by DC Reactive Sputtering
    WANG Chao;JI Zhen-guo;HAN Wei-zhi;XI Jun-hua;ZHANG Pin
    2007, 36(5):  1132-1135. 
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    N-doped ZnO thin films were prepared on glass substrates by DC reactive magnetron sputtering using a pure zinc disk as target and Ar-N2-O2 mixture as sputtering gas. The effects of substrate temperature on the structural, electrical and optical characteristics of the ZnO films were studied by XRD, Hall effect measurement and UV-vis transmittance spectra, respectively. The results of XRD indicate that all the thin films had a preferred orientation with the c-axis perpendicular to the substrates,and the crystalline quality of the films was improved as the substrate temperature increased. Hall effect measurements show that the resistivity of the p-type ZnO thin films is dependent on the substrate temperature during deposition. The resistivity of the thin film grown at 400℃ had a minimum resistivity of 8.44 Ω·cm due to its higher mobility (1.32cm2/Vs) and hole concentration (5.58 × 1017cm-3).
    Regulation and Mechanism of CTAB and SDBS on SrCO3 Particles Morphology
    ZHANG Ming-xuan;HUO Ji-chuan;WANG Hai-bin;LIU Shu-xin;LEI Yong-lin;CUI Cai-ping
    2007, 36(5):  1136-1141. 
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    Solid dendritic and hollow flower-like SrCO3 particles have been synthesized via adding suffactants CTAB and SDBS as chemical additives to regulate the morphology of the crystal. The samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electronic microscope (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectrograph (FT-IR); the preliminary effect mechanisms of chemical additives to SrCO3 crystal have been discussed chiefly in the end. Results show that CTAB and SDBS could play a significant role in influencing the particles' property, which take an opposite action to the property of the particles'dispersion and the latter has a stronger ability in reducing the surface energy of the (013) and (213) crystal faces than the former.
    Field Emission from Copper Nanocrystallites Electrolessly Deposited on Silicon Substrate
    JIANG Wei-fen;DONG Yong-fen;XIAO Shun-hua;LI Ya-qin;LI Xin-jian
    2007, 36(5):  1142-1147. 
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    Copper nanocrystallites were deposited on mechanically polished single crystal silicon (sc-Si)wafers by electroless deposition method. The average size of the copper nanocrystallites was evaluated to be about 40nm based on X-ray diffraction data. Field emission measurements show that for the sample prepared by 120s deposition, a current density of 62.5 μA/cm2 was obtained at an electric field of 9.26 V/μm, with a turn-on field of 5.5V/μm. The corresponding deposition process and the field emission mechanism were analyzed. Our results indicate that electroless deposition might be a candidate method for fabricating metal/silicon cold cathodes with excellent field emission properties.
    Effect of Pulse Repetition Rate on Film Growth in Pulsed Laser Deposition
    GUAN Li;LI Xu;ZHANG Duan-ming;ZHANG Wei
    2007, 36(5):  1148-1154. 
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    Pulse repetition rate plays an important role in pulsed laser deposition (PLD) technique,which has been shown to have an influence on final material properties. Using kinetic Monte Carlo method, we simulated the early stage of film growth with varying pulse repetition rate in pulsed laser deposition process. The simulation results display that at a low pulse repetition rate increase, there is such a longer pulse interval that islands are given more time to ripen. As a result, the total of island density reduces and film aggregation tends to compact shape. Island density will increase with pulse repetition rate increase, and islands may be in dispersed or dendritic mode. Duty cycle, that is,deposition time also can effect on islands aggregation to a certain extent. The obtained results have been compared with some experimental data.
    Magnetic Properties of Mn, Cu Co-doped ZnO Crystals
    WEI Zhi-ren;LI Zhe;HU Zhi-peng;LUO Xiao-ping;GAO Ping;WANG Wei-wei;DONG Guo-yi
    2007, 36(5):  1155-1159. 
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    In this paper, Mn, Cu co-doped ZnO crystals were synthesized by hydrothermal method with 3mol/L-1KOH as mineralizer, the fill factor of 35;, reaction temperature of 430℃, and time of 24h.When the Zn(OH)2 mixed with Mn, Cu were used as precursor, the shape of the most crystals was column. The positive polar +c{0001}, negative polar -c{000(1-)}, negative pyramidal face -p{ 10(1-)(1-)},and column face m { (1-)010 } were exposed. The length of the column crystals was 30-50μm. Some of the crystals shape were hexagonal cone. The negative polar -c{000(1-)}, positive pyramidal face +p{10(1-)1},and column face m{(1-)010} were exposed. The length of the hexagonal cone crystals was 100μm. And the length to the diameter was 5:1. When the ZnO mixed with Mn, Cu were used as precursor, the length of the column crystals was 10-30μm. The hexagonal shape of all the crystals became asymmetry. The concentration of Mn2+ in ZnO was 3.19at; ,1.62at;, respectively,when the precursor was ZnO and Zn (OH) 2 by the EDX. But the Cu ions were not found. Although the morphology of the crystals was affected by Mn, Cu doped, antiferromagnet was observed by the SQUID.
    Growth of AIN Single Crystals by Modified Sublimation Method
    SUN Xiu-ming;ZHENG Rui-sheng;LU Feng;WU Hong-lei;LIU Wen;JING Shou-yong
    2007, 36(5):  1160-1165. 
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    AlN crystals were grown by modified sandwich sublimation method in nitrogen atmosphere.High quality AlN single crystals with typical hexagonal crystal habit were obtained by optimizing growth conditions. It was found that the AlN crystals which were grown on different regions in the crucible exhibit different crystal habits. The influence of the temperature gradient on the size and morphology of the crystals was discussed.
    Growth Unit Simulation of ZnO Crystal
    ZENG Ling-ke;LI Ping;LI Xiu-yan;SHUI An-ze;LIU Ping-an;WANG Hui;CHENG Xiao-su
    2007, 36(5):  1166-1172. 
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    Growth unit Zn(OH)42- for ZnO crystal was systematically simulated with the Hyperchem molecule simulation software (Hypercube Inc. ). The growth unit connection rule was discussed through analyzing connecting ways of the growth units. The simulation results show that the complex compound will become stabler when the ratio of Zn atom number to O bridge number is larger or when the-hydroxyl number is less in the same ratio condition. Further more, the reason why the ZnO single crystal with nanorod or nanowire is difficult to obtain in practice was demonstrated by simulating the linear connection of the growth units.
    Growth and Characterization of the Magnesia Thin Film by Atmospheric-pressure MOCVD
    WANG Shu-bin;HAN Xia;MA Xue-feng
    2007, 36(5):  1173-1177. 
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    High quality MgO thin films have been successfully grown on glass, Al2O3, Si(111) and Si (100) substrates at 480℃ by using atmospheric-pressure metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (APMOCVD) technique. Magnesium 2,4-pentanedionate was used as metalorganic source. X-ray diffraction experiments provided evidence that the MgO films grown on glass, Al2O3, Si (111) and Si (100) with (100) orientation were regardless of the substrate materials and orientations. The as-grown MgO film on Si(100) has a very smooth surface morphology and a nearly stoichiometric composition by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Rutherford backscattering (RBS). According to the simulation, diffusion of Si near the interface was found when the growth time reached 70min.
    Luminescent Properties of CaAl2B2O7:Eu3 + Crystallite for White Light-emitting Diode
    YANG Zhi-ping;TIAN Jing;LI Xu;YANG Guang-wei;WANG Shao-li;LI Pan-lai
    2007, 36(5):  1178-1181. 
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    The CaAl2B2O7 :Eu3+ crystallite was synthesized by the high temperature solid state reaction.X-ray diffraction pattern shows that pure CaAl2B2O7 matrix was obtained. The sample can emit red light under near-ultraviolet (UV) and blue Light excitation. The emission spectrum shows the most intense peak is located at 614nm, which corresponds to the 5D0→2F2 transition of Eu3+. The crystallite has two main excitation peaks located at 401nm and 471nm, which match the emission of UV and blue lightemitting diode (LED) respectively. The effects of charge compensations and the concentration of Eu3 + on the emission intensity were also investigated. The co-doped K+, Na+ and Li + can all lead to the strongly enhanced luminescence of CaAl2B2O2: Eu3+. The sample doped by Li+ has the highest emission intensity. The optimum concentration of Eu3+ is 6;. The CaAl2B2O7 :Eu3+ crystallite is a potential redemitting phosphor for white light-emitting diode.
    Research on the Properties of AZO Annealed by PRTP
    ZHANG Song-qing;WU Fang;ZHANG Li-wei;GAO Zhe;WANG Zi-jian;LU Jing-xiao
    2007, 36(5):  1182-1186. 
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    ZnO:Al(AZO)thin films on glass were prepared by magnetron sputtering and subsequently annealed at 600℃ to 800℃ by pulsed rapid thermal processing (PRTP). The XRD, Spectrophotometer and Four-point probe instruments were employed to measure the crystallinity, transmittance and conductivity of the AZO films. The results show that,(1)the resistivity of AZO films one to six order of magnitude from 10-4Ω ·cm while the transmittance keeps the same level of 82-92; as before annealing.Those cannot be used as electrode in solar cells after annealing; (2) It is clear that the good structural properties benefits the conductivity of the sample. The phenomenon analyzed in theory.
    Study on the Modification of Alpha-alumina Tubular Membrane with Nano Zinc Oxide
    LIU Yang;ZhOU Jian-er;LARBOT Andre;PERSIN Michel
    2007, 36(5):  1187-1191. 
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    A French commercial available alpha-alumina tubular membrane was modified with nano zinc oxide prepared by homogeneous precipitation process using urea and zinc nitrate as raw materials. The modified membrane was characterized with SEM、FTIR、XRD and the influences of the modification on the streaming potential of the alumina membrane and electrophoretic mobility of alumina grains were investigated. The results showed that after modification there was a nano zinc oxide coating with grain size of less than 30nm formed on the alumina grains ' surface and the streaming potential of the modified membrane decreased, so as for the electrophoretic mobility of the alumina grains. The stabilized permeability of the modified membrane had an increase of 156;. It is pointed that this great increase of permeability is due to the increase of membrane's effective pore radius and the decrease of water viscusity near pore walls of membranes.
    Luminescent Properties of Alkali Metal Ion and Trivalent Europium Ion Co-activated Alkaline Earth Molybdate Phosphors
    LI Xu;YANG Zhi-ping;GUAN Li;GUO Qing-lin;LI Pan-lai;HUAI Su-fang;LIU Chong
    2007, 36(5):  1192-1196. 
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    A series of trivalent europium ions(Eu3+) and alkali metal ions(Li+,Na+,K+) coactivated molybdate phosphor AMoO4 (A=Ca,Sr) was fabricated by solid-state reaction, which could be used as supplementary lighting material for white light emitting diodes (LEDs). X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns show that the lattice parameters decrease and the diffraction intensity remarkably increase when Eu3+ and Na+ ions are doped into the phosphor. The excitation and emission spectra of samples are investigated. The excitation spectra cover the region from 240nm to 500nm and have an excitation peak at 470nm, which indicate that this phosphor can be excited effectively by the emission of GaN-based LED; the emission spectra show the samples can emit red light whose peaks are located at 616nm and 624nm. The influence of alkali metal ions dosage ( molar fraction) on the luminescent properties of AMoO4: Eu3+ is investigated and the results indicate that 0.25 is the appropriated dosage. The reactive time and temperature have obvious effect on the luminescent properties. The luminescent intensity will reach the maximum when it was sintered at 800℃ for 3h.
    An Experimental Research on Synthesis of 4A-type Zeolite by Hydrothermal Method from Kaolin
    FU Ke-ming;ZHU Tian-lin;ZHU Hong;ZHANG Qin-shan
    2007, 36(5):  1197-1201. 
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    The experiments with hydrothermal method to synthesize 4A-type zeolite have been carried on in different conditions of alkalinity, liquid solid ratio, the temperature and time of crystallization and the experimental results and synthetical factors were analyzed and researched. Analysis and experimental results indicate that NaOH has more effect than Na2 CO3 and KOH in the process of synthesizing zeolites and alkali calcination, proper crystal seeds can cut down the time of crystallization and improve quality of synthesized zeolites. In the conditions of alkalinity 2.5-4.0M, liquid/solid ratio 6:1-8:1, temperature of crystallization 90-103℃ and time of crystallization 3-5h, 4A-type zeolite can be synthesized from SZT.The synthetical zeolites are characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM).
    Synthesis of Fine Grain Diamond Film on Silicon
    HE Jing-hui;XUAN Zhen-wu;LIU Er-kai
    2007, 36(5):  1202-1206. 
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    We used hot filament chemical vapor deposition method to synthesize fine grain diamond films on silicon wafers aiming to exploit diamond's acoustic properties. The smaller grain size is contributed to achieving lower propagation loss. There are some important factors that can control the grain size such as gas pressure, the concentration of argon and methane and substrate temperature. In order to investigate how the factors have effect on the growth of fine grain, we measured the diamond film samples that deposited in different conditions through SEM and Raman spectrum. The results show that in the range of Iow pressure (below 2000Pa), with the gas pressure lower, the concentration of methane decreases. So in that way we can grow the uniform quality diamond films and the non-diamond component carbon (such as graphite and amorphous carbon) can be restrained. When the gas pressure reach some level, the grain size turns into fine and even is in the nanometer range.
    Effect of Nano-SiC Particles on the Performance and Microstructure of Si3N4/SiC Composite Ceramics
    ZHANG Wei-ru;LI Yong;CHEN Wen
    2007, 36(5):  1207-1210. 
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    In this paper, Si3 N4/SiC composite ceramics were prepared from two different raw materials with nano-SiC particles or organic precursor. Effect of nano-SiC particles on the performance and microstructure of the Si3 N4/SiC ceramics was studied, and the relation between reinforced mechanism and microstructure of materials was also investigated.