
人工晶体学报 ›› 2025, Vol. 54 ›› Issue (7): 1100-1120.DOI: 10.16553/j.cnki.issn1000-985x.2025.0016
收稿日期:2025-01-17
出版日期:2025-07-20
发布日期:2025-07-30
通信作者:
靳志文,博士,教授。E-mail:jinzw@lzu.edu.cn
作者简介:偰航(1998—),男,云南省人,博士研究生。E-mail:xhang2024@lzu.edu.cn基金资助:
XIE Hang1,2,3,4,5(
), JIN Zhiwen1,2,3,4,5(
)
Received:2025-01-17
Online:2025-07-20
Published:2025-07-30
摘要: X射线探测器在医疗诊断、安全检查、工业探伤和科学研究等领域发挥着至关重要的作用。卤化物钙钛矿(HPs)因X射线吸收系数大、载流子扩散长度长、发光性能优异等特点,在高性能X射线探测领域引起了广泛关注。HPs制备方式灵活,能够方便地加工为多晶膜、晶片等形态。然而,不同制备方法及其结晶行为将导致活性层内的结晶取向、晶界数目、裂纹针孔等器件缺陷以不同的形态分布,显著影响了载流子和闪烁光的传输,对器件的性能产生了很大的影响。因此,阐明不同制备方法中的结晶行为并提出合适的调控方案十分必要。本文系统地梳理了现阶段基于不同制备方法的HPs X射线探测器的研究进展:1)介绍了湿化学法构筑的X射线探测器及结晶调控策略;2)探讨了压膜法中的结晶调控策略、离子迁移的抑制措施及闪烁体晶片探索;3)回顾了气相沉积过程的结晶理论、闪烁体性能提升方案及直接型探测应用的尝试。最后,指出了进一步提高HPs X射线探测器性能表现所面临的挑战与未来展望。
中图分类号:
偰航, 靳志文. 薄膜制备方法及其结晶行为对卤化物钙钛矿X射线探测器成像性能的影响研究综述[J]. 人工晶体学报, 2025, 54(7): 1100-1120.
XIE Hang, JIN Zhiwen. Review on Impact of Film Preparation Method and Crystallization Behavior on the Imaging Performance of Halide Perovskite X-Ray Detectors[J]. Journal of Synthetic Crystals, 2025, 54(7): 1100-1120.
图2 用于构筑HPs X射线探测器活性层的方法示意图。(a)旋涂法;(b)刮涂法;(c)喷涂法;(d)喷墨印刷法;(e)压膜法;(f)真空蒸镀法;(g)近空间升华法
Fig.2 Schematic diagram of method for constructing the active of HPs X-ray detectors. (a) Spin-coating method; (b) blade-coating method; (c) spray coating method; (d) inkjet printing method; (e) pressing method; (f) vacuum evaporation method; (g) close-space sublimation method
图3 旋涂法构筑的X射线探测器的制备及表征图。聚合物封装的Au/Cs4PbI6/Au器件制备的流程图及器件示意图(a)和SEM截面照片(b)[58];(c)基于PAZE-NH?Br?·H?O薄膜的X射线成像流程图及成像照片;(d)不同放大倍数下的SEM形貌照片[59];(e)用于构建MFP的多孔PET基板结构示意图;(f)基于MAPbI3的MFP的SEM截面照片[63];(g)基于Cs2ZrCl6@PDMS柔性闪烁体膜的成像示意图及X射线图像[67];(h)在旋涂制备的空穴传输层衬底上热铸造准二维薄膜的流程示意图;(i)准二维和三维晶体结构材料铸造的薄膜SEM截面照片[68];不同厚度的2D-RP薄膜的SEM截面照片(j)及GIWAXS分布图(k)[69]
Fig.3 Fabrication and characterization of X-ray detectors constructed via spin-coating method. Schematic diagram of the fabrication process (a) and cross-sectional SEM image of the polymer-encapsulated Cs4PbI6 device (b)[58]; (c) X-ray imaging process and images based on PAZE-NH4Br3·H?O film; (d) morphology SEM images under different magnifications[59]; (e) structural diagram of the porous PET substrate used for MFP; (f) cross-sectional SEM image of MFP based on MAPbI3[63]; (g) schematic diagram of X-ray imaging using Cs2ZrCl6@PDMS flexible scintillator films and corresponding X-ray images[67]; (h) schematic illustration of hot-casting of quasi-2D films on hole transport layer substrate prepared via spin-coating method; (i) cross-sectional SEM images of films cast form quasi-2D and 3D crystal structures[68]; (j) cross-sectional SEM images of 2D-RP films with different thickness; (k) CIWAXS maps of 2D-RP films with different thickness[69]
图4 刮涂法制备的X射线探测器的表征图。(a)添加了不同浓度MACl的MA3Bi2I9厚膜的SEM形貌和添加了10%MACl的截面照片;(b)基于添加了10%MACl的MA3Bi2I9厚膜器件在不同偏置电压下的剂量率-电流密度曲线[72];(c)FAMAC厚膜的SEM截面(左)和形貌(右)照片[74];(d)有无MASCN添加的MAPbI3厚膜的SEM形貌(左)和截面(右)照片[77];(e)旋涂或刮涂制备所得湿膜结晶过程示意图[78];(f)有无气氛调控的刮涂后湿膜结晶过程示意图;(g)不同气氛条件下的厚膜SEM形貌(上)和截面(下)照片;(h)不同X射线剂量下的金属字母成像照片[80];(i)MTP2MnBr4和BPP2MnBr4的结晶过程原位光学显微照片[81];(j)分别附着于柔性或刚性衬底上的MAPbI3层受到因热量变化诱导产生的拉升或压缩应力示意图[84]
Fig.4 Characterization of X-ray detectors fabricated via blade-coating method. (a) Morphology SEM images of MA3Bi2I9 thick films with different concentrations of MACl additive, and cross-sectional image of the film with 10% MACl added; (b) dose rate-current density curves of device based on MA3Bi2I9 thick film with 10% MACl under different bias voltage[72]; (c) cross-sectional (left) and morphology (right) SEM images of FAMAC thick film[74]; (d) morphology (left) and cross-sectional (right) SEM images of MAPbI3 thick films with and without MASCN additive[77]; (e) schematic diagram of the crystallization process of wet films via spin-coating and blade-coating method[78]; (f) schematic diagram of the crystallization process for the wet films after blade-coating under different atmospheric conditions; (g) morphology (up) and cross-sectional (down) SEM images of thick films under different conditions; (h) X-ray images of metal letters at different dose rate[80]; (i) in situ optical microscopy images of the crystallization process of MTP2MnBr4 andBPP2MnBr4[81]; (j) illustration of MAPbI3 layer subjected to tensile or compressive stress induced by thermal changes on flexible and rigid substrates, respectively[84]
图5 基于喷墨印刷和喷涂法制备的X射线探测器及表征。喷墨印刷法在SiO2/Si晶圆上制备基于CsPbI3 QDs的X射线探测阵列的示意图(a)和器件光学照片(b) [87];(c)在旋涂了NiO x (左)和c-PEDOT∶PSS(右)的ITO衬底上印刷的TCP器件的SEM截面照片[88];(d)喷墨印刷构筑的不同花样的MAPbI3显微照片[89];(e)基于ALS法构建的不同生长循环次数的CsPbI2Br薄膜的SEM截面(上)和形貌(中)照片及结晶理论示意图(下)[78];(f)基于一步喷涂(上)和两步喷涂(下)策略制备Cs3Bi2I9厚膜的示意图及SEM截面和形貌照片[90];(g)不同DIW法墨水环境中的MAPbI3结晶过程的原位光学显微照片;(h)DIW法的结晶过程示意图及最终的SEM截面照片;(i)不同次数的DIW法印刷的MAPbI3膜的SEM截面照片(从左到右:1~5次)[91]
Fig.5 X-ray detectors based on inkjet printing and spraying methods and their characterization. Schematic diagram (a) and optical photograph (b) of the X-ray detection array based on CsPbI3 QDs via inkjet printing on a SiO2/Si wafer[87]; (c) cross-sectional SEM images of TCP devices printed on ITO substrates spin-coated with NiO x (left) and c-PEDOT∶PSS (right)[88]; (d) microscope images of different patterns of MAPbI3 via inkjet printing method[89]; (e) cross-sectional (top) and morphology (middle) SEM images of CsPbI2Br film with different cycles, constructed by the ALS method, and a schematic illustration of crystallization (bottom)[78]; (f) schematic diagram and cross-sectional and morphology SEM images of Cs3Bi2I9 thick films prepared by one step spraying (top) and two steps spraying (bottom)[90]; (g) in situ optical microscope images of MAPbI3 crystallization process in different DIW ink environments; (h) schematic diagram of the DIW crystallization process and final cross-sectional SEM image; (i) cross-sectional SEM images of MAPbI3 films printed by DIW method with different printing counts (form left to right:1~5 times)[91]
图6 基于压膜法制备的X射线探测器的表征图。(a)原料PbI2与MAI摩尔比为1∶1.15的MAPbI3形成晶片过程的SEM截面照片,(a-1至a-6分别压膜0、5、10、20、30和40 min);(b)晶片厚度-原料质量关系曲线及不同厚度晶片的SEM截面照片[93];MA3Bi2I9晶片的光学照片(c)和SEM形貌(左)和截面(右)照片(d)[97];(e)(F-PEA)3BiI6晶片的光学照片;(f)(F-PEA)3BiI6在受压时晶胞转向的示意图[98];(g)Cs4PbBr6 MCs的TEM照片及对应的选取电子衍射花样;(h)不同甲苯注射速度调控的Cs4PbBr6 MCs的SEM照片;(i)Cs4PbBr6晶片的SEM形貌(左)和截面(右)照片[99];(C8H20N)2Cu2Br4晶片的光学照片(j)和SEM形貌(左)和截面(右)照片(k);(l)用于成像的集成电路板光学照片(左)和对应的X射线照片(右)[100];(m)不同压膜时间下的MAPbBr3晶片的光学照片及不透明和透明晶片的SEM形貌(左1,左3)和截面(左2,左4)照片[101]
Fig.6 Characterization of X-ray detectors via pressing method. (a) Cross-sectional SEM images of the MAPbI3 with a precusor molar ratio of PbI2∶MAI=1∶1.15 during wafer formation at different pressing times (a-1 to a-6 represent 0, 5, 10, 20, 30, and 40 min respectively); (b) relationship between the wafer thickness and the raw material mass, along with cross-sectional SEM images of wafer with different thickness[93]; optical image (c) and SEM morphology (left) and cross-sectional (right) images (d) of MA3Bi2I9 wafer[97]; (e) optical image of (F-PEA)3BiI6 wafer; (f) schematic illustration of crystal cell reorientation under pressure for (F-PEA) 3BiI6[98]; (g) TEM image of Cs4PbBr6 MCs, along with the corresponding selected-area electron diffraction pattern; (h) SEM images of Cs4PbBr6 MCs with different toluene injection speed; (i) SEM morphology (left) and cross-sectional (right) images of Cs4PbBr6 wafer[99]; optical image (j) and SEM morphology (left) and cross-sectional (right) images (k) of (C8H20N)2Cu2Br4 wafer; (l) optical image of the integrated circuit board used for imaging (left) and corresponding X-ray image (right)[100]; (m) optical images of MAPbI3 wafers at different pressing time, along with morphology (left 1 and 3) and cross-sectional (left 2 and 4) SEM images of opaque and transparent wafers[101]
图7 真空蒸镀过程中的结晶调控和探测器性能表现。利用真空蒸镀法制备的Cs3Cu2I5薄膜的SEM照片(a)与利用刃边法测得的MTF-空间分辨率函数曲线(b) [105];顺序真空蒸镀法制备的Cs3Cu2Cl5薄膜的SEM(左)和截面(右)照片(c)及通过刃边法测得的MTF曲线(d)[106];(e)闪烁体层内光传输和散射的示意图[107];(f)不同沉积阶段的CsI∶Tl薄膜的SEM照片;(g)CsI∶Tl薄膜沉积过程示意图;(h)孔洞和裂纹诱导新的晶体取向产生示意图[109];Cs3Cu2I5薄膜在不同放大倍数下的SEM形貌(左1,左2)和截面(右)照片(i)及利用刃边法测得的MTF曲线(j) [110];(k)FAPbI3薄膜的SEM(左)和截面(右)照片;(l)器件结构示意图[111];(m)400 nm厚的CsPbI2Br的SEM照片[112];基于MAPbI3的二极管的SEM截面照片(n)及器件示意图(o) [113]
Fig.7 Crystallization control and performance of X-ray detectors via vacuum deposition. SEM images of Cs3Cu2I5 film via vacuum deposition (a), and MTF-spatial resolution function curve measured by the slanted-edge method (b) [105]; SEM (left) and cross-sectional (right) images of Cs3Cu2Cl5 film via sequential vacuum deposition (c), and MTF curves measured by the slanted-edge method (d) [106]; (e) schematic illustration of light transmission and scattering within scintillator layers[107]; (f) SEM images of surfaces of CsI∶Tl film with different deposition stages; (g) film formation process of the CsI∶Tl; (h) generation of new crystal orientation in holes and cracks[109]; SEM images under different manifications (left 1 and 2) and cross-sectional image (right) (i), and MTF-curves measured by the slanted-edge method (j) [110]; (k) SEM (left) and cross-sectional (right) images of FAPbI3 film; (l) schematic illustration of the device structure[111]; (m) SEM image of 400 nm-thick CsPbI2Br film[112]; SEM cross-sectional image of a MAPbI3 based photodiode (n) and schematic of the device structure (o)[113]
图8 近空间升华过程中的结晶调控和闪烁体性能表现。(a)不同温度条件所得Rb2AgBr3厚膜的SEM截面和形貌照片;(b)基于Rb2AgBr3厚膜的动态成像示意图;(c)基于鸡翅的动态成像照片[114];(d)CsCu2I3厚膜的SEM截面照片;(e)籽晶筛选策略示意图;(f)对应于籽晶筛选策略中不同结晶阶段的SEM(1)和截面(2~4)照片;(g)基于CsCu2I3厚膜的间接探测器示意图[115];(h)不同晶体结构诱导的晶粒表面悬挂键及余晖效应差异的示意图;(i)X射线激发后的余晖对比照片;(j)Cs5Cu3Cl6I2择优生长厚膜的SEM截面照片及XRD图谱;(k)血管造影演示照片[116];
Fig.8 Crystallization control and scintillator performance via the near-space sublimation process. (a) SEM cross-sectional and morphology images of Rb2AgBr3 thick films prepared under different temperature conditions; (b) schematic illustration of dynamic imaging by Rb2AgBr3 thick film; (c) dynamic imaging images of chicken wings[114]; (d) cross-sectional SEM image of CsCu2I3 thick film; (e) schemic diagram of the seed crystal screening strategy; (f) SEM (1) and cross-sectional (2~4) images corresponding to different crystallization stages in the seed crystal screening strategy; (g) schematic of CsCu2I3 scintillator detector[115]; (h) schematic showing differences in dangling bonds and afterglow effects induced by different crystal structures; (i) afterglow comparison images under X-ray excitation; (j) cross-sectional SEM image and XRD pattern of Cs5Cu3Cl6I2 thick film with orientation growth; (k) demonstration images of angiography[116]
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