Journal of Synthetic Crystals ›› 2025, Vol. 54 ›› Issue (12): 2037-2059.DOI: 10.16553/j.cnki.issn1000-985x.2025.0127
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LU Zhengxuan1,2(
), LI Chen2, ZHOU Chao1, LU Yuanhao2, LI Haochao2, KE Shanming1(
), TONG Shukyin2,3,4
Received:2025-06-12
Online:2025-12-20
Published:2026-01-04
CLC Number:
LU Zhengxuan, LI Chen, ZHOU Chao, LU Yuanhao, LI Haochao, KE Shanming, TONG Shukyin. Research Progress on the Epitaxial Growth of Cubic Silicon Carbide[J]. Journal of Synthetic Crystals, 2025, 54(12): 2037-2059.
Fig.2 Schematic overview of two-step/alternate-supply epitaxial processes and buffer-layer architecture for 3C-SiC heteroepitaxy. (a) Schematic diagrams of the gas supply procedure before the SiC epitaxial growth[31]; (b) schematic of the sample structure: Si(001) substrate, Si1-x Ge x buffer layer, Si capping layer and a 3C-SiC layer[33]; (c) schematic illustration of temporal gas introduction within the ASD scheme[38]
Fig.4 SEM image of a silicon substrates. (a) SEM images of ISP[47]; (b) cross-sectional SEM images of the Si trench profile before and after being subject to 1 100 ℃ H2 annealing[50]
| Performance | CVD | SE | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Si | SiC | Others | Si | SiC | |
| Epitaxial growth rate | 2~40 μm/h | 5~278 μm/h[ | 7~8 nm/cycle[ | 120 μm/h[ | 450 μm/h[ |
| Dislocation density | SFs=103~105 cm-1[ | No DPBs[ | Not mentioned | Not mentioned | No DPBs[ |
| Step structure | Spiral structure | Spiral structure with six bilayer steps[ | Not mentioned | Not mentioned | Step-flow[ |
| Stress level | High | Low | Low (Graphite substrate) | High | Low |
Table 1 Comparison of 3C-SiC characteristics grown by CVD and SE processes on different substrates
| Performance | CVD | SE | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Si | SiC | Others | Si | SiC | |
| Epitaxial growth rate | 2~40 μm/h | 5~278 μm/h[ | 7~8 nm/cycle[ | 120 μm/h[ | 450 μm/h[ |
| Dislocation density | SFs=103~105 cm-1[ | No DPBs[ | Not mentioned | Not mentioned | No DPBs[ |
| Step structure | Spiral structure | Spiral structure with six bilayer steps[ | Not mentioned | Not mentioned | Step-flow[ |
| Stress level | High | Low | Low (Graphite substrate) | High | Low |
| Method | Electron mobility/(cm2·V-1·s-1) | Carrier lifetime | Breakdown field/(MV·cm-1) |
|---|---|---|---|
| CVD | 800~1 200 | 0.5~20 ns | 2.0~3.0 |
| SE | 900~1 100 | 0.1~1.0 μs | 2.5~3.5 |
Table 2 Electrical properties of 3C-SiC thin films prepared by different growth methods
| Method | Electron mobility/(cm2·V-1·s-1) | Carrier lifetime | Breakdown field/(MV·cm-1) |
|---|---|---|---|
| CVD | 800~1 200 | 0.5~20 ns | 2.0~3.0 |
| SE | 900~1 100 | 0.1~1.0 μs | 2.5~3.5 |
Fig.9 Schematic of point defects in 3C-SiC[89]. (a) Unit cell of 3C-SiC; (b) supercell of 3C-SiC; (c) VC; (d) VSi; (e) CSi; (f) SiC; (g) Cint; (h) Siint
Fig.10 TEM cross-section images. (a) Annihilation of SFs when these defects meet; (b) generation of SFs; (c) end of SFs without the annihilation process reported in (a)[78]; (d) cross-section TEM images of the 3C-SiC layer in the (110) projection, top part: SFs lying in the (1ˉ11) plane appear as lines tilted 45° off, while SFs lying in the (111) plane are visible as trapezoidal-shaped. Bottom part: HAADF-STEM images showing the three kinds of SFs observed in 3C-SiC. They consist of 1, 2, or 3 faulted atomic layers[93]
Fig.11 STEM images and schematic illustration of IDB. (a) STEM image of a coherent semipolar (1ˉ10) inverted domain boundary (IDB)[97]; (b) orthogonal view of an antiphase boundary (110)[98]
Fig.12 Top-view and cross-sectional images of the protruding defect[84]. (a) Top view of the surface rugged by protrusion defects; (b) individual protrusions together with their flanks can reach an edge length of up to 3 mm; (c) rugged surface causes the nucleation of hexagonal SiC on {111} surfaces; (d) in the cross-section, center-cut protrusion defects are visible as dark, funnel-shaped structures, protrusions cut off center are only partially visible and do not appear to start at the original Si/3C-SiC interface; (e) magnified view of a 6H-SiC crystallite formed on a protrusion defect; (f) magnified view of a polytype change (transparent) formed around protrusion defects
Fig.13 SEM image, cross-sectional view and 3D schematic of the protruding defect[106]. (a) SEM image of a protrusion in a 30 μm thick epitaxial layer in plan view; (b) cross-view obtained after cleavage of the wafer for 3 μm thick epilayer; (c) 3D structure of the protrusion
| Structure | Channel | μFE/(cm2·V-1·s-1) | BV/V | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lateral | 2×1017 cm-3 p-type epi | ≈165 | — | [ |
| Lateral | 1×1016 cm-3 p-type epi | ≈229 | — | [ |
| Lateral | 1×1018 cm-3 Al implanted | ≈80 | — | [ |
| Vertical | 1×1018 cm-3 Al implanted | ≈28 | ≈100 | [ |
| Vertical | 1×1018 cm-3 Al implanted | ≈45 | 550~600 | [ |
| Vertical | Al implanted | >100 | — | [ |
Table 3 A summary of literature data on the forward and reverse performance of 3C-SiC MOSFET
| Structure | Channel | μFE/(cm2·V-1·s-1) | BV/V | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lateral | 2×1017 cm-3 p-type epi | ≈165 | — | [ |
| Lateral | 1×1016 cm-3 p-type epi | ≈229 | — | [ |
| Lateral | 1×1018 cm-3 Al implanted | ≈80 | — | [ |
| Vertical | 1×1018 cm-3 Al implanted | ≈28 | ≈100 | [ |
| Vertical | 1×1018 cm-3 Al implanted | ≈45 | 550~600 | [ |
| Vertical | Al implanted | >100 | — | [ |
Fig.14 Working principle and fabrication process of 3C-SiC sensors. (a) Working principle of the 3C-SiC thermal flow sensors; (b) fabrication steps of the 3C-SiC respiratory sensor: 1) preparing Si(100) wafer, 2) grow of 3C-SiC on Si wafer, 3) deposition of Al on the top of 3C-SiC, 4) photolithography, 5) etching Al, 6) dicing strips of the 3C-SiC/Si wafer, 7) sample was attached to stretchable PDMS substrate and making interconnection; (c) crystal structure of p-3C-SiC grown on Si(100) substrate, TEM image (left), and SAED image (right); (d) optical image of the sample attached to the (polydimethylsiloxane) PDMS substrate[129]
| MOSFET | Bulk mobility, | Breakdown field, | Channel mobility, |
|---|---|---|---|
| μ/(cm2·V-1·s-1) | Ebr/(MV·cm-1) | μ/(cm2·V-1·s-1) | |
| 3C-SiC MOSFET | 0~1 100 | 1.5 | 100~370 |
| 4H-SiC MOSFET | 20~900 | 2.1 | 20~180 |
| GaN MOSFET | 1 000~1 500 | 3.3 | 150~250 |
Table 4 Performance comparison between 3C-SiC MOSFET, 4H-SiC MOSFET and GaN MOSFET
| MOSFET | Bulk mobility, | Breakdown field, | Channel mobility, |
|---|---|---|---|
| μ/(cm2·V-1·s-1) | Ebr/(MV·cm-1) | μ/(cm2·V-1·s-1) | |
| 3C-SiC MOSFET | 0~1 100 | 1.5 | 100~370 |
| 4H-SiC MOSFET | 20~900 | 2.1 | 20~180 |
| GaN MOSFET | 1 000~1 500 | 3.3 | 150~250 |
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