
人工晶体学报 ›› 2026, Vol. 55 ›› Issue (4): 487-545.DOI: 10.16553/j.cnki.issn1000-985x.2025.0214
• 综合评述 • 下一篇
陈一宏1,2(
), 周晓庆1, 徐文静1,2, 于悦1, 赵意茹3, 杨珍妮2, 董鑫4, 贾志泰5, 陈端阳6,7(
), 齐红基2,6,7(
), 张洪良1,3(
)
收稿日期:2025-10-07
出版日期:2026-04-20
发布日期:2026-05-19
通信作者:
陈端阳,博士,高级工程师。E-mail:chenduanyang@siom.ac.cn;作者简介:陈一宏(1999—),男,福建省人,博士研究生。E-mail:20520240156903@stu.xmu.edu.cn
基金资助:
CHEN Yihong1,2(
), ZHOU Xiaoqing1, XU Wenjing1,2, YU Yue1, ZHAO Yiru3, YANG Zhenni2, DONG Xin4, JIA Zhitai5, CHEN Duanyang6,7(
), QI Hongji2,6,7(
), ZHANG Hongliang1,3(
)
Received:2025-10-07
Online:2026-04-20
Published:2026-05-19
摘要: 氧化镓作为典型的超宽禁带半导体材料,在高功率电子器件领域展现出重要应用前景,而外延薄膜中的掺杂调控与缺陷控制是制约其器件性能提升的关键科学与技术问题。本文聚焦β相氧化镓外延薄膜,对不同外延方式的基本原理及技术特点进行了系统性综述,并围绕不同外延生长技术中背景载流子抑制、n型掺杂精确控制、厚膜生长与缺陷演化机制等核心问题,系统总结和评述了近几年的代表性研究进展。同时从物理机理角度分析了氧化镓p型掺杂长期受限的内在原因,并归纳了不同晶型氧化镓异质外延的最新探索。最后,结合现有技术瓶颈,对氧化镓大尺寸生长、厚膜外延及缺陷控制的发展方向进行了展望。
中图分类号:
陈一宏, 周晓庆, 徐文静, 于悦, 赵意茹, 杨珍妮, 董鑫, 贾志泰, 陈端阳, 齐红基, 张洪良. 氧化镓薄膜外延生长、掺杂调控与缺陷控制研究进展[J]. 人工晶体学报, 2026, 55(4): 487-545.
CHEN Yihong, ZHOU Xiaoqing, XU Wenjing, YU Yue, ZHAO Yiru, YANG Zhenni, DONG Xin, JIA Zhitai, CHEN Duanyang, QI Hongji, ZHANG Hongliang. Research Progress in Epitaxial Growth, Doping Control, and Defect Management of Gallium Oxide Thin Films[J]. Journal of Synthetic Crystals, 2026, 55(4): 487-545.
图1 不同半导体材料带隙对比示意图。由左至右依次为第一代半导体(Si、Ge)、第二代半导体(GaAs、GaP)、宽禁带材料(GaN、SiC)及超宽禁带材料(β-Ga2O3、金刚石、AlN)
Fig.1 Schematic comparison of the bandgaps of various semiconductor materials. From left to right are the first-generation semiconductors (Si, Ge), second-generation semiconductors (GaAs, GaP), wide-bandgap materials (GaN, SiC), and ultra-wide-bandgap materials (β-Ga2O3, diamond, AlN)
图2 Si、GaN、SiC、β-Ga2O3、金刚石适用的工作频率范围与输出功率
Fig.2 Application of Si, GaN, SiC, β-Ga2O3 and diamond under different requirements for operating frequency and output power
图3 β-Ga2O3的主要应用场景,包括功率电子器件、射频器件、日盲紫外光电探测、深紫外透明电极
Fig.3 Primary application scenarios of β-Ga2O3, including power electronics, radio frequency devices, solar-blind UV photodetectors, and deep-UV transparent electrodes
图4 β-Ga2O3材料及器件的产业链,主要包括体单晶生长、晶圆加工、外延、器件制备及模组应用等
Fig.4 Industry chain of β-Ga2O3 materials and devices: single crystal growth, wafer processing, epitaxy, device fabrication, and module application
图5 不同晶型的Ga2O3的晶体结构图。(a)β-Ga2O3;(b)α-Ga2O3;(c)ε-Ga2O3
Fig.5 Crystal structure diagrams of Ga2O3 with different crystal phases. (a) β-Ga2O3; (b) α-Ga2O3; (c) ε-Ga2O3
图6 Ga2O3不同晶面:(a)(100)和(001)面;(b)(010)面;(c)(201)面;(d)各晶面的原子排布
Fig.6 Different crystal planes of Ga2O3: (a) (100) and (001) planes; (b) (010) plane; (c) (2ˉ01) plane; (d) atomic arrangement of each crystal plane
| 晶面 | 光学带隙/eV | 相对静态介电常数, εr/(F·m-1) | 热导率, κ/(W·m-1·K-1) | 表面能/(J·m-2) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| (100) | 4.58 | 9.8~12.7[ | 9.5~18[ | B面 0.34~0.68 |
| A面 0.77~1.13 | ||||
| (010) | 4.90 | 10.9~11.2[ | 22.5~29.0[ | 1.49~1.75 |
| (001) | 4.54 | 10.9~12.4[ | 12.7~21.0[ | B面 0.97~1.40 |
| A面 1.83 | ||||
| ( | — | — | 14.33[ | 0.75~1.01 |
表1 β -Ga2O3在不同晶面上的光学带隙、相对介电常数、热导率及表面能
Table 1 Optical bandgap, relative dielectric constant, thermal conductivity, and surface energy of β -Ga2O3 at different crystal planes
| 晶面 | 光学带隙/eV | 相对静态介电常数, εr/(F·m-1) | 热导率, κ/(W·m-1·K-1) | 表面能/(J·m-2) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| (100) | 4.58 | 9.8~12.7[ | 9.5~18[ | B面 0.34~0.68 |
| A面 0.77~1.13 | ||||
| (010) | 4.90 | 10.9~11.2[ | 22.5~29.0[ | 1.49~1.75 |
| (001) | 4.54 | 10.9~12.4[ | 12.7~21.0[ | B面 0.97~1.40 |
| A面 1.83 | ||||
| ( | — | — | 14.33[ | 0.75~1.01 |
| 化学键类型 | 键伸缩力常数/(eV·Å-2) | 悬挂键种类 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (100)B | (100)A | (010) | (001)B | (001)A | ( | ||
| Ga(I)—O(I) | 11.28 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 0 |
| Ga(I)—O(II) | 10.99 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Ga(I)—O(III) | 8.61 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
| Ga(II)—O(I) | 5.10 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Ga(II)—O(II) | 4.74 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Ga(II)—O(III) | 2.75 | 2 | 0 | 4 | 8 | 0 | 0 |
| 化学键密度/Å-2 | 0.11 | 0.11 | 0.17 | 0.20 | 0.10 | 0.10 | |
表2 β -Ga2O3不同晶面的悬挂键种类和密度分布及计算的键伸缩力常数
Table 2 Types of dangling bonds, density distribution, and calculated bond stretching force constants of β -Ga2O3 at different crystal planes
| 化学键类型 | 键伸缩力常数/(eV·Å-2) | 悬挂键种类 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (100)B | (100)A | (010) | (001)B | (001)A | ( | ||
| Ga(I)—O(I) | 11.28 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 0 |
| Ga(I)—O(II) | 10.99 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Ga(I)—O(III) | 8.61 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
| Ga(II)—O(I) | 5.10 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Ga(II)—O(II) | 4.74 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Ga(II)—O(III) | 2.75 | 2 | 0 | 4 | 8 | 0 | 0 |
| 化学键密度/Å-2 | 0.11 | 0.11 | 0.17 | 0.20 | 0.10 | 0.10 | |
图7 理论计算的β-Ga2O3低指数晶面弛豫前、后的表面能,其中“A”和“B”区分不同原子构型的表面终止面
Fig.7 Surface energies of low-index crystal planes of β-Ga2O3 (before and after relaxation) from theoretical calculations, where “A” and “B” denote surface terminations with different atomic configurations
图9 (a)0.01% Sn掺杂Ga2O3样品的硬X射线光电子能谱测得的价带谱;(b)DFT计算得到的Ga2O3总态密度与部分态密度;(c)0.01% Sn掺杂Ga2O3样品的价带光电子谱[31]
Fig.9 (a) Valence band spectrum of 0.01% Sn-doped Ga2O3 sample measured by HAXPES; (b) TDOS and PDOS of Ga2O3 obtained from DFT calculations; (c) valence band photoelectron spectrum of 0.01% Sn-doped Ga2O3 sample[31]
图10 Ga2O3晶格中的极性光学声子散射和声学变形势散射的来源示意图(a)与电离杂质散射、中性杂质散射的来源示意图(b)
Fig.10 Schematic illustration of the origin of polar optical phonon scattering and acoustic deformation potential scattering in the Ga2O3 lattice (a) and schematic illustration of the origin of ionized impurity scattering and neutral impurity scattering (b)
图11 温度依赖的电子迁移率(a)、载流子浓度(b)和霍尔系数(c)在β-Ga2O3中的变化。(a)和(b)中的实线和虚线分别表示霍尔和漂移电子迁移率(载流子浓度)。空心方块表示采用霍尔效应测量得到的实验数据[99]
Fig.11 Temperature dependence of electron mobility (a), carrier concentration (b), and Hall coefficient (c) in β-Ga2O3. The solid and dashed lines in (a) and (b) represent the Hall and drift electron mobility (carrier concentration), respectively. The open squares represent the experimental data obtained using the Hall effect measurement[99]
图12 (a)Si掺杂β-Ga2O3迁移率拟合[100];(b)Sn掺杂薄膜迁移率拟合[101]
Fig.12 (a) Mobility fitting of Si-doped β-Ga2O3[100]; (b) mobility fitting of Sn-doped thin film[101]
图13 氧化镓中潜在电子施主,包括Si污染、O空位、Ga间隙、H杂质
Fig.13 Potential electron donors in gallium oxide, including Si contamination, oxygen vacancies, gallium interstitials, and hydrogen-related impurities
图14 (a)Si掺杂β-Ga2O3中施主电离能(Ea)随施主浓度(Nd)立方根的变化关系,通过向零浓度外推,得到孤立施主的电离能Ea约为36.3 meV[70];(b)β-Ga2O3中主要n型掺杂剂的离子半径
Fig.14 (a) Ea of Si-doped β-Ga2O3 as a function of the cube root of Nd, by extrapolating to zero concentration, the ionization energy of Ea is approximately 36.3 meV[70]; (b) ionic radii of major n-type dopants in β-Ga2O3
图15 (a)不同硅含量的(Si x Ga1-x )2O3薄膜的硬X射线光电子能谱价带谱及导带特征区的放大图(×70);(b)价带边(×5)和导带特征(×50)的放大图;(c)HSE计算的Si、Ge和Sn掺杂超胞的能带结构、总态密度(TDOS)和分波态密度(PDOS)。图中掺杂剂s态的分波态密度已放大显示(×10),VBM设置为能量零点[121]
Fig.15 (a) HAXPES valence-band spectra of (Si x Ga1-x )2O3 films with different Si content, along with a magnified view (×70) of the conduction-band feature region; (b) enlarged views of the valence-band edge (×5) and the conduction-band feature (×50); (c) HSE-calculated band structures, total density of states, and projected density of states for Si-, Ge-, and Sn-doped supercells. The dopant s-state PDOS is magnified (×10), VBM is set to zero energy[121]
生长 方式 | 优势 | 优化方法 | 生长速率/ (μm·h-1) | 厚度/μm | 最高迁移率/(cm2·V-1·s-1) | 载流子浓度 范围/cm-3 | 器件应用 | 未来发展 | 参考文献 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HVPE | 生长速率快 | — | 10 | 15 | 149 | 1015~1019 | 垂直SBD 垂直MOSFET | 优化粗糙度、不均匀度、外延缺陷控制 | [ |
| MOCVD | 大规模生产 | — | 1.9 | 4.5 | 200 | 1014~1020 | 横向MOSFET 2DEG 垂直SBD | 更厚的外延膜、大尺寸、外延缺陷控制 | [ |
| 使用 | 4.5 | 6.3 | 190 | [ | |||||
| 紧密耦合喷头 | 10 | — | — | [ | |||||
| MBE | 界面质量高,可实现原子级精度控制 | — | 0.11 | 0.44 | 135 | 1015~1019 | 横向MOSFET 2DEG | 更快的生长速率 2DEG | [ |
| 金属交换催化 | — | 0.9 | 136 | [ | |||||
| 亚氧化物 | 1 | 1 | 124 | [ |
表3 不同Ga2O3外延生长方法概述
Table 3 Overview of different Ga2O3 epitaxial growth methods
生长 方式 | 优势 | 优化方法 | 生长速率/ (μm·h-1) | 厚度/μm | 最高迁移率/(cm2·V-1·s-1) | 载流子浓度 范围/cm-3 | 器件应用 | 未来发展 | 参考文献 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HVPE | 生长速率快 | — | 10 | 15 | 149 | 1015~1019 | 垂直SBD 垂直MOSFET | 优化粗糙度、不均匀度、外延缺陷控制 | [ |
| MOCVD | 大规模生产 | — | 1.9 | 4.5 | 200 | 1014~1020 | 横向MOSFET 2DEG 垂直SBD | 更厚的外延膜、大尺寸、外延缺陷控制 | [ |
| 使用 | 4.5 | 6.3 | 190 | [ | |||||
| 紧密耦合喷头 | 10 | — | — | [ | |||||
| MBE | 界面质量高,可实现原子级精度控制 | — | 0.11 | 0.44 | 135 | 1015~1019 | 横向MOSFET 2DEG | 更快的生长速率 2DEG | [ |
| 金属交换催化 | — | 0.9 | 136 | [ | |||||
| 亚氧化物 | 1 | 1 | 124 | [ |
图17 典型的HVPE生长系统,主要由前驱体供给系统、反应室、加热系统、尾气处理与控制监测组成。(a)原理图;(b)实物图
Fig.17 Typical HVPE growth system, mainly consists of precursor supply system, reaction chamber, heating system, and exhaust gas treatment and control monitoring. (a) Schematic diagram; (b) physical diagram
图18 (a)H3PO4刻蚀后在堆叠断层处形成的心形蚀坑AFM表面照片[191];(b)气相微粒子诱导缺陷形成亮点的STEM横截面照片[191];(c)~(e)KOH+NaOH 溶液蚀刻后在堆叠断层处形成的1-3型缺陷的横截面BF-STEM照片[192];(f)SBD的同步辐射X射线地形图图像(黑/白对比)与多晶缺陷#2的DICM图像(粉色对比)重叠[193];(g)线形缺陷的高倍DICM图像[194];(h)在探针压力下形成的表面缺陷的AFM照片[195]
Fig.18 (a) AFM surface image of heart-shaped etch pits formed at stacking faults after H3PO4 etching[191]; (b) cross-sectional STEM image of a bright spot formed gas-phase microparticle-induced defects[191]; (c)~(e) cross-sectional BF-STEM images of type 1-3 defect formed at stacking faults after KOH + NaOH molten solution etching[192]; (f) synchrotron X-ray topography image of SBD (black/white contrast) overlaid with DICM image of polycrystalline defect #2 (pink contrast) [193]; (g) high-magnification DICM image of line-shaped defect[194]; (h) AFM image of surface defect formed at probe pressure[195]
图19 典型的MOCVD系统,主要包括气体/前驱体输送系统、源注入控制装置、喷头、主反应室,以及配备高容量泵的压力控制单元。(a)、(b)实物图;(c)示意图
Fig.19 Typical MOCVD system, including gas/precursor delivery, injection control, showerhead, reaction chamber, and pressure control unit with high-capacity pump. (a), (b) Schematic diagram; (c) physical diagram
图20 MOCVD中提高β-Ga2O3电学性质的策略。(a)HF清洗;(b)低温缓冲层;(c)水催化辅助;(d)衬底表面优化
Fig.20 Strategies for enhancing electrical properties of β-Ga2O3 in MOCVD. (a) HF cleaning; (b) low-temperature buffer layer; (c) water vapor-assisted catalysis; (d) substrate surface optimization
图21 (a)Si杂质在未掺杂同质外延样品中的二次离子质谱深度分布图[205];(b)未进行HF清洗条件下生长样品的原位生长表面AFM照片;(c)~(e)经HF溶液浸泡处理后生长样品的原位生长表面AFM照片[209];(f)残留Si的综合峰值密度与HF处理时间的函数
Fig.21 (a) SIMS depth profiles of Si impurity in UID homoepitaxy samples[205]; (b) surface AFM images on the as-grown surface of sample grown at no HF cleaning; (c)~(e) surface AFM images on the as-grown surface of sample grown at HF dipped[209]; (f) plots the integrated peak density obtained in panel as a function of HF exposure time
图22 (a)用于掺杂浓度范围1017~1020 cm-3的均匀Si掺杂薄膜的沟道结构二维截面示意图(GR:生长速率,HT:高温,LT:低温);(b)(010)晶面Fe掺杂β-Ga2O3衬底在清洗工艺前后的原子力显微镜扫描图;(c)Fe和Si原子浓度随沟道深度的变化曲线;(d)放大扫描显示Fe元素从衬底向低温缓冲层的衰减尾[206]
Fig.22 (a) 2D cross-sectional schematic of the channel structure used for the uniformly and intentionally Si-doped films for doping range of 1017~1020 cm-3(GR = growth rate, HT = high-temperature, LT = low-temperature); (b) atomic force microscopy scans for the (010) Fe-doped Ga2O3 substrate before and after the substrate cleaning process; (c) atomic concentrations of Fe and Si versus depth of the channel; (d) magnified scan showing the Fe decay tail from the substrate into the LT buffer [206]
图23 (a)采用N2O气体生长β-Ga2O3薄膜中N、H、C的SIMS分布曲线;(b)N2O生长薄膜的室温霍尔迁移率与纯氧工艺条件生长的对比结果[202]
Fig.23 (a) Depth profiles of N, H, and C impurities obtained by SIMS in a β-Ga2O3 film deposited with N2O gas; (b) a comparison of room-temperature Hall mobility demonstrates the effect of using an N2O precursor versus a conventional O2 process[202]
图24 基于MOCVD制备的β-Ga2O3薄膜室温迁移率与载流子浓度的关系图[95,100,142,205?206,212?220]
Fig.24 Room-temperature mobility versus net carrier concentration from β-Ga2O3 thin films grown by MOCVD[95,100,142,205?206,212?220]
图25 (a)半导体材料中载流子浓度与关联器件性示意图;(b)典型器件结构示意图,分别为垂直器件[221]、横向器件[222]、日盲紫外光电探测[223]与欧姆电极[224]
Fig.25 (a) Carrier concentration-device correlation in semiconductors; (b) schematics of typical device structures: vertical device[221], lateral device[222], solar-blind ultraviolet photodetection[223], and ohmic contact[224]
图26 快速生长的外延薄膜在(010)半绝缘Fe掺杂β-Ga2O3衬底上的场发射扫描电子显微镜表面形貌照片[142]
Fig.26 Surface view in FESEM images of β-Ga2O3 epi-films fast grown on (010) semi-insulating Fe-doped β-Ga2O3 substrates[142]
图27 由衬底中的纳米管和外延层薄膜中的多棱锥体构成的合生状缺陷[227]。(a)横截面示意图;(b)透射电子显微镜照片;(c)原子力显微镜照片;(d)二次电子扫描电子显微镜照片
Fig.27 Sympetalous defect consisting of a nanotube in the substrate and polygonal pyramid in the epilayer film[227]. (a) Cross section schematic; (b) TEM image; (c) AFM image; (d) secondary electron SEM image
图28 (01ˉ0)取向样品中纳米管阵列及表面小丘的三维紫外发光-多光子光致发光图像(a)、处理后的图像(b)、平面视图的UVL MPPL图像(c)、光学显微镜图像(d)、横截面图像(e)与紫外发光-多光子光致发光图像(f)[229]
Fig.28 3D UVL MPPL (a), processed images (b), plan-view UVL MPPL image (c), optical microscope image (d), cross-sectional (e) and processed UVL MPPL images (f) around the nanopipe array and hillock in (01ˉ0)-oriented sample[229]
图29 β-Ga2O3外延薄膜在正切(010)(a)、(c)、(e)和2°斜切(b)、(d)、(f)半绝缘β-Ga2O3衬底上的表面形貌光学显微镜、场发射扫描电子显微镜、原子力显微镜照片,生长条件分别为60 Torr、950 ℃、含10 ppm H2O的O2[142]
Fig.29 Surface view in optical microscopic, FESEM and AFM images of β-Ga2O3 epi-films grown on on-axis (010) (a), (c), (e) and 2° off-cut (b), (d),(f) semi-insulating β-Ga2O3 substrates under at 60 Torr, 950 ℃ and O2 containing 10 ppm H2O, respectively [142]
图30 c轴方向斜切角为0.1°、2°、4°、6°的衬底(上排)及对应外延生长层(下排)的AFM照片,衬底表面呈现等间距规则排列的台阶结构[234]
Fig.30 AFM images of substrates with miscut-angles of 0.1°, 2°, 4°, and 6° towards c (upper row) and epitaxial grown layers on them (lower row). The substrate is characterized by equally spaced and regular arranged steps[234]
图31 (a)β-Ga2O3晶体(100)晶面双重原子排布的球棍模型,深绿色和亮绿色球体分别代表四面体配位(Ga1)和八面体配位(Ga2)的镓原子;(b)晶体生长机制示意图:台阶流式生长模式与二维岛状成核生长模式的对比解析[234]
Fig.31 (a) Stick and ball model illustrating the double positioning on the (100) plane of β-Ga2O3, dark green and bright green balls correspond to tetrahedral (Ga1) and octahedral bound (Ga2) gallium atoms, respectively; (b) schematic sketch showing step-flow growth and growth proceeding through nucleation of two-dimensional islands [234]
图32 (a)生长于斜切方向为[001ˉ]的衬底上的外延层TEM明场截面照片;(b)生长于斜切方向为[001]的衬底上的外延层TEM明场截面照片[51]
Fig.32 (a) Cross-sectional TEM bright field image of a layer grown on a substrate with a miscut direction toward [001ˉ]; (b) cross-sectional TEM bright field image of a layer grown on a substrate with a miscut direction toward [001][51]
图33 采用TMGa在(001)面Sn掺杂β-Ga2O3衬底上生长的β-Ga2O3薄膜高分辨率扫描透射电子显微镜照片[211]。(a)薄膜中的裂纹;(b)界面处“之”字形;(c)高倍下“之”字形
Fig.33 High-resolution STEM images of β-Ga2O3 films grown with TMGa on the (001) Sn-doped β-Ga2O3 substrate[211]. (a) Cracking in the film; (b) zigzag at the interface; (c) high mag zigzag area
图34 在保持其他生长参数不变且喷淋头距离为8 cm的情况下,不同厚度生长薄膜的光学显微镜图像对比[219]:(a)2.0 μm、(b)3.0 μm、(c)4.0 μm;在喷淋头距离为1.5 cm时,不同厚度的 UID(100)β-Ga2O3同质外延薄膜的AFM照片[219]:(d)2.2 μm(0.5 μm×0.5 μm)、(e)3 μm(0.5 μm×0.5 μm)、(f)3 μm(5 μm×5 μm)
Fig.34 A comparison of light microscopy images of the films grown with different thicknesses while keeping other growth parameters fixed as well as the showerhead distance at 8 cm[219]: (a) 2.0 μm, (b) 3.0 μm and (c) 4.0 μm; AFM images of UID (100) β-Ga2O3 homoepitaxial films with different thicknesses at the showerhead distance of 1.5 cm[219]: (d) 2.2 μm(0.5 μm×0.5 μm), (e) 3 μm(0.5 μm×0.5 μm) and (f) 3 μm (5 μm×5 μm)
图35 Ga2O3外延样品261B样品中心(a)和样品边缘(b)的显微结构表征;样品261B凹坑(c)和表面形貌(d)的AFM照片;(e)样品261C表面颗粒分布[240]
Fig.35 Micrographs of Ga2O3 epitaxial sample 261B in the center (a) and edge of the sample (b); AFM micrographs of pit (c) and surface (d) morphology for sample 261B; (e) particles on sample 261C[240]
图36 典型的MBE设备,主要由超高真空系统、束源炉、衬底加热系统及原位实时监测系统组成。(a)实物图;(b)示意图
Fig.36 Typical MBE system, primarily composed of an ultra-high vacuum system, effusion cells, a substrate heating system, and an in-situ real-time monitoring system. (a) Physical photograph; (b) schematic diagram
图37 (100) β-Ga2O3衬底上MBE外延Ga2O3薄膜的RHEED图谱(a)及SEM照片(b)[256];(c)不同温度下Sn掺β-Ga2O3(010)衬底上PAMBE生长60 nm厚的UID外延层AFM照片[252];(d)不同温度含臭氧条件下,(010)Ga2O3衬底MBE外延UID薄膜AFM照片[253];(e)在微富镓、氧通量为1.2×10-5 Torr条件下PAMBE外延135 nm β-Ga2O3薄膜的(020)峰ω-2θ扫描衍射峰[252];(f)不同生长温度含臭氧条件下MBE生长Ga2O3外延膜的(020)XRD摇摆曲线[253]
Fig.37 RHEED patterns (a) and SEM images (b) of Ga2O3 film grown on (100) β-Ga2O3 substrate by MBE[256]; (c) AFM images of 60 nm thick (010) UID layers grown on Sn-doped β-Ga2O3 (010) substrates at different temperatures by PAMBE[252]; (d) AFM images of Ga2O3 UID films grown by MBE on Ga2O3 (010) substrates under varying growth temperatures by ozone MBE[253];(e) (020) ω-2θ scan diffraction peak of 135 nm thick β-Ga2O3 (010) film grown under slightly Ga-rich conditions with an oxygen flux of 1.2×10-5 Torr by PAMBE[252]; (f) (020) XRD rocking curves from Ga2O3 epitaxial films grown at various temperatures and (010) β-Ga2O3 substrate by ozone MBE[253]
图38 (a)β-Ga2O3(020)峰附近的XRD θ-2θ衍射图;(b)UID膜的AFM照片;(c)β-Ga2O3(022)倒易空间分析;(d)在不同Sn源温度下生长的UID β-Ga2O3薄膜和掺Sn薄膜的室温电子迁移率和载流子浓度[259]
Fig.38 (a) XRD θ-2θ diffraction patterns around β-Ga2O3 (020) reflection peaks; (b) AFM image of the UID film; (c) β-Ga2O3 (022) reciprocal space mapping analysis; (d) room-temperature electron mobilities and carrier concentrations of UID β-Ga2O3 films and Sn-doped films grown at various Sn cell temperatures[259]
图39 (a)Sn掺杂浓度对Sn源温度的依赖性;(b)载流子浓度和霍尔迁移率随Sn源温度的变化;(c)Sn掺薄膜的SIMS曲线;(d)Sn和Ge掺杂浓度与生长温度的关系[144]
Fig.39 (a) Dependence of Sn doping concentration on Sn cell temperature; (b) carrier concentration and Hall mobility as a function of Sn cell temperature; (c) SIMS profiles of Sn doping film; (d) relationship between the doping concentrations of Sn and Ge and the growth temperature[144]
图40 (a)针阀式可控蒸发源的结构示意图[264];(b)混合MBE系统示意图,稀释的二硅烷气瓶被放置在配备气体探测器的气体柜中[143]
Fig.40 (a) Schematic of the needle-valve-controlled effusion cell[264]; (b) schematic of the hybrid MBE system, the diluted disilane cylinder is placed in a gas cabinet equipped with gas detectors for safety[143]
图41 MBE生长Sn、Si、Ge掺杂β-Ga2O3薄膜在室温下电子迁移率与载流子浓度之间的关系[63,71,143?145,259,267]
Fig.41 Room-temperature electron mobility as a function of carrier concentration for Sn-, Si-, and Ge-doped β-Ga2O3 thin films grown by MBE[63,71,143?145,259,267]
图42 (a)MOCATAXY生长过程中,薄膜表面的冲击通量及潜在催化剂层示意图[268];(b)在不同的晶向和生长温度下,β-Ga2O3薄膜的常规MBE和MOCATAXY技术之间的生长速率对比[269];(c)由AFM测量的MOCATAXY在不同晶面上生长的β-Ga2O3薄膜与传统方法生长的薄膜表面形貌的比较[270]
Fig.42 (a) Schematic show impinging fluxes and potential catalyst layer on surface of film during MOCATAXY growth[268]; (b) comparison of growth rates between conventional MBE and MOCATAXY techniques for β-Ga2O3 films, evaluated across different crystallographic orientations and growth temperatures[269]; (c) comparison of the surface morphology of β-Ga2O3 films grown by MOCATAXY on different crystal planes and those grown by conventional methods, as measured by AFM[270]
图43 500/515/550 ℃(a)和575 ℃(b)下MBE同质外延氧化镓的速率对比[272](TG为生长温度)
Fig.43 Comparison of the rates of MBE homoepitaxial Ga2O3 at 500/515/550 ℃ (a) and 575 ℃ (b)[272] (TG is growth temperature)
图44 (a)Ga2O3中第VA族、第II A族和第II B族受主的跃迁能级,每个中心均呈现两个跃迁能级,即(0/-)受主跃迁能级及一个深(+/0)施主能级,结果展示了不同氧位点上的氮,以及两个不同镓位点上的阳离子杂质情况[275];(b)各类受主杂质在其最稳定构型下、负电荷态的形成能随氧化学势变化的关系[275];(c)在(Ga1-x Bi x )2O3合金中,Bi的6s轨道与2p能带耦合形成占据中间价带的示意图[280];(d)β-(Rh0.5Ga0.5)2O3的结构[282];(e)IrGa-I构型的电子能带结构[283]
Fig.44 (a) Transition levels of acceptors from group VA, IIA, IIB in Ga2O3. Each center exhibits two transition levels, the (0/-) acceptor transition level as well as a deep (+/0) donor level, results are presented for N on each unique O site, and for the cation impurities on the two unique Ga sites[275]; (b) formation energies of the most stable form of each acceptor impurity in its negative charge state as a function of oxygen chemical potential[275]; (c) schematic representation of the coupling between the Bi 6s orbitals and the O 2p band to form the occupied intermediate valence band in (Ga1-x Bi x )2O3 alloys[280]; (d) the structures of β-(Rh0.5Ga0.5)2O3[282]; (e) electronic band structures of IrGa-I configuration[283]
图45 (a)从GaN到氮掺杂β-Ga2O3的多步结构相变过程的晶体结构示意图;(b)β-Ga2O3中NO-VGa受主能级形成的示意图[130];(c)采用CI-NEB方法计算的从初始态到终态的最小能量路径,其中IS代表初始态β-Ga2O3:NGa(I)-VO(II),TS为过渡态,FS为终态β-Ga2O3:NO(II)-VGa(I)[285]
Fig.45 (a) Schematic crystalline structures showing the multi-step structural phase transition processes from GaN to N-doped β-Ga2O3; (b) schematic diagram showing the formation of acceptor levels in β-Ga2O3: NO-VGa[130];(c) calculated minimum energy path from initial state to final state using CI-NBE. IS denotes the initial state β-Ga2O3: NGa(I)-VO(II), TS transition state, and FS final state β-Ga2O3: NO(II)-VGa(I)[285]
| 实现方式 | 掺杂策略 | 空穴浓度/cm-3 | 迁移率/(cm2·V-1·s-1) | 激活能/eV | 参考文献 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 外延 | 9.9×1018~8.1×1019 | 0.13~0.92 | — | [ | |
| N | 1.04×1018 | 0.47 | 0.168 | [ | |
| 离子注入 | P | 1017~1018 cm-3 | 0.39~1.51 | — | [ |
| Mg、N | <1014 | — | — | [ | |
| Se-Mg合金 | 2.55×1016 | 1.1 | — | [ | |
| 退火 | Ga空位 | 1014~1017 | 0.4~8 | 0.17~0.56 | [ |
| 1015 | 0.2 | 1.1 | [ | ||
| 固-固相变 | N | 1.56×1016 | 23.6 | 0.165 | [ |
| 低温印刷 | Cu | 1014 | 0.229~0.624 | — | [ |
表4 不同p型Ga2O3薄膜生长方法概述
Table 4 Overview of different P-type Ga2O3 thin film growth methods
| 实现方式 | 掺杂策略 | 空穴浓度/cm-3 | 迁移率/(cm2·V-1·s-1) | 激活能/eV | 参考文献 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 外延 | 9.9×1018~8.1×1019 | 0.13~0.92 | — | [ | |
| N | 1.04×1018 | 0.47 | 0.168 | [ | |
| 离子注入 | P | 1017~1018 cm-3 | 0.39~1.51 | — | [ |
| Mg、N | <1014 | — | — | [ | |
| Se-Mg合金 | 2.55×1016 | 1.1 | — | [ | |
| 退火 | Ga空位 | 1014~1017 | 0.4~8 | 0.17~0.56 | [ |
| 1015 | 0.2 | 1.1 | [ | ||
| 固-固相变 | N | 1.56×1016 | 23.6 | 0.165 | [ |
| 低温印刷 | Cu | 1014 | 0.229~0.624 | — | [ |
图46 (a)~(c)在不同斜切角的c面(0001)蓝宝石衬底上生长的β-Ga2O3薄膜的顶视SEM照片;(d)不同斜切角的c面(0001)蓝宝石衬底上生长的β-Ga2O3薄膜的对称(4ˉ02)晶面XRD摇摆曲线;(e)斜切6°的c面(0001)蓝宝石衬底上生长的β-Ga2O3薄膜的(4ˉ02)晶面XRD φ扫描;(f)在不同斜切角的c面(0001)蓝宝石衬底上生长的Si掺杂β-Ga2O3薄膜中,电子霍尔迁移率随载流子浓度变化的关系。蓝宝石衬底斜切方向为<112ˉ0>,薄膜厚度约为6 μm[307]
Fig.46 (a)~(c) Top-view SEM images of β-Ga2O3 thin films grown on c-plane (0001) sapphire substrates with different off-angles; (d) XRD rocking curves of the symmetric (4ˉ02) reflection of β-Ga2O3 thin films grown on c-plane (0001) sapphire substrates with different off-angles; (e) XRD φ-scan of the (4ˉ02) reflection of a β-Ga2O3 thin film grown on a c-plane (0001) sapphire substrate with an off-angle of 6°; (f) electron Hall mobility as a function of carrier concentration for Si-doped β-Ga2O3 thin films grown on c-plane (0001) sapphire substrates with different off-angles. The sapphire substrates are off-cut toward the <112ˉ0> direction, and the film thickness is approximately 6 μm[307]
图48 在不同斜切角SiC衬底上生长的Ga2O3薄膜的AFM照片:(a)0°、(b)4°、(c)8°;(d)β-Ga2O3薄膜(4ˉ02)晶面衍射峰的半峰全宽;(e)室温下电子迁移率与载流子浓度之间的关系[310]
Fig.48 AFM images of Ga?O? thin films grown on SiC substrates with different off-angles: (a) 0°, (b) 4°, (c) 8°; (d) full width at half maximum of the (4ˉ02) diffraction peak of β-Ga2O3 thin films; (e) room-temperature electron mobility as a function of carrier concentration[310]
图49 从顶视角展示(2ˉ01)β-Ga2O3在金刚石上的一种取向变体模型。红色球体表示β-Ga2O3(201ˉ) 晶面上的氧原子,其排布在立方金刚石晶格碳原子(棕色)上方,呈倾斜六边形图案。(a)β-Ga2O3[010]方向与金刚石[110]方向的对应关系;(b)(2ˉ01)β-Ga2O3 [1ˉ32ˉ]方向与金刚石[110]方向的对应关系[311]
Fig.49 Display an orientation variant model of (2ˉ01) β-Ga2O3 on diamond from a top perspective. The red sphere represents the oxygen atoms on the β-Ga2O3 (201ˉ) crystal plane, arranged in a tilted hexagonal pattern above the carbon atoms (brown) in the cubic diamond lattice. (a) Display the correspondence between the β-Ga2O3 [010] direction and the diamond [110] direction; (b) display the corresponding relationship between the (2ˉ01) β-Ga2O3 [1ˉ32ˉ] direction and the diamond [110] direction[311]
图50 (a)2英寸蓝宝石衬底上生长的α-Ga2O3外延层的实物照片;(b)对应的厚度分布图;(c)、(d)α-Ga2O3(0006)和(101ˉ4)晶面的摇摆曲线,测试位置为(b)中所示的六个不同测点(P1~P6)[326]
Fig.50 (a) Photograph of the α-Ga2O3 epilayer grown on a 2-inch sapphire substrate; (b) corresponding thickness distribution; (c), (d) XRD rocking curves of the α-Ga2O3 (0006) and (101ˉ4) reflections, respectively, measured at six different positions (P1~P6) indicated in (b)[326]
图51 (a)蓝宝石(101ˉ4)与ε-Ga2O3(013)晶面的面内取向关系;(b)ε-Ga2O3/蓝宝石外延关系及其120°三重旋转畴示意图[378]
Fig.51 (a) In-plane orientation relationship between the sapphire (101ˉ4) and ε-Ga2O3 (013) planes; (b) schematic illustration of the ε-Ga2O3/sapphire epitaxial relationship and the associated 120° three-fold rotational domains[378]
图52 (a)蓝宝石衬底上生长的ε-Ga2O3薄膜中观察到的3D颗粒状缺陷[379];(b)生长4 h的ε-Ga2O3 条纹ELO样品平面SEM照片[379];(c)Al2O3衬底上Al2O3(10 nm)/ε-Ga2O3薄膜的横截面低倍HAADF-STEM照片[380]
Fig.52 (a) 3D granular defects observed in the ε-Ga2O3 thin film grown on a sapphire substrate[379]; (b) flat SEM image of ε-Ga2O3 striped ELO sample grown for 4 h[379]; (c) low magnification HAADF-STEM image of the cross-section of Al2O3 (10 nm)/ ε-Ga2O3 thin film on Al2O3 substrate[380]
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