Journal of Synthetic Crystals ›› 2026, Vol. 55 ›› Issue (9): 1389-1409.DOI: 10.16553/j.cnki.issn1000-985x.2026.0026
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LI Long(
), GONG Xueyuan, LI Peigang
Received:2026-02-13
Online:2026-09-20
Published:2026-09-29
CLC Number:
LI Long, GONG Xueyuan, LI Peigang. Overview of the Process for Ultra-Wide Bandgap Semiconductor Gallium Oxide Single Crystals[J]. Journal of Synthetic Crystals, 2026, 55(9): 1389-1409.
| Physical property parameter | Si | SiC | GaN | Ga2O3 | 备注 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bandgap width/eV | 1.1 | 3.3 | 3.4 | 4.9 | 电子激发的难易程度 |
| Breakdown electric field strength, Ec/(MV·cm-1) | 0.3 | 2.5 | 3.3 | 8 | 功率器件的耐压能力 |
| Electron mobility, μ/(cm2·V-1·s-1) | 1 400 | 1 000 | 1 200 | 300 | 电子移动的快慢程度 |
| Dielectric constant, ε | 11.8 | 9.7 | 9 | 10 | 保持电荷的能力 |
| Baliga value/(εμEc3) | 1 | 340 | 870 | 3 444 | 功率器件的导通损耗 |
| Huang value/(Ecμ1/2) | 1 | 7.0 | 10.2 | 12.3 | 功率器件的开关损耗 |
| Thermal conductivity/(W·cm-1·K-1) | 1.5 | 2.7 | 2.1 | 0.27 | 材料的散热能力 |
Table 1 Comparison of main properties of semiconductor materials
| Physical property parameter | Si | SiC | GaN | Ga2O3 | 备注 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bandgap width/eV | 1.1 | 3.3 | 3.4 | 4.9 | 电子激发的难易程度 |
| Breakdown electric field strength, Ec/(MV·cm-1) | 0.3 | 2.5 | 3.3 | 8 | 功率器件的耐压能力 |
| Electron mobility, μ/(cm2·V-1·s-1) | 1 400 | 1 000 | 1 200 | 300 | 电子移动的快慢程度 |
| Dielectric constant, ε | 11.8 | 9.7 | 9 | 10 | 保持电荷的能力 |
| Baliga value/(εμEc3) | 1 | 340 | 870 | 3 444 | 功率器件的导通损耗 |
| Huang value/(Ecμ1/2) | 1 | 7.0 | 10.2 | 12.3 | 功率器件的开关损耗 |
| Thermal conductivity/(W·cm-1·K-1) | 1.5 | 2.7 | 2.1 | 0.27 | 材料的散热能力 |
| Growth method | Report year | Institution | Size of single crystal | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| FM | 1963 | Bell Telephone Laboratories | 5 mm | [ |
| VT | 1964 | El Segundo Aerospace Corporation | 2 mm×8 mm×20 mm | [ |
| ARV | 1974 | University of Tokyo | 8 mm×0.2 mm | [ |
| FZ | 1997 | Institute for Molecular Science, Myodaiji, Okazaki | 0.32 mm | [ |
| CZ | 2000 | Institute of Crystal Growth, Berlin, Germany | [ | |
| EFG | 2008 | Namiki Precision Jewel Co., Ltd. | 70 mm×50 mm×3 mm | [ |
| VB | 2016 | Shinshu University | 1 inch | [ |
| CM | 2023 | Zhejiang University | 2 inch | [ |
| OCCC | 2024 | C&A Corporation | 46 mm | [ |
| DG | 2025 | Novel Crystal Technology, Inc. | 95 mm | [ |
Table 2 Growth methods of gallium oxide single crystals
| Growth method | Report year | Institution | Size of single crystal | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| FM | 1963 | Bell Telephone Laboratories | 5 mm | [ |
| VT | 1964 | El Segundo Aerospace Corporation | 2 mm×8 mm×20 mm | [ |
| ARV | 1974 | University of Tokyo | 8 mm×0.2 mm | [ |
| FZ | 1997 | Institute for Molecular Science, Myodaiji, Okazaki | 0.32 mm | [ |
| CZ | 2000 | Institute of Crystal Growth, Berlin, Germany | [ | |
| EFG | 2008 | Namiki Precision Jewel Co., Ltd. | 70 mm×50 mm×3 mm | [ |
| VB | 2016 | Shinshu University | 1 inch | [ |
| CM | 2023 | Zhejiang University | 2 inch | [ |
| OCCC | 2024 | C&A Corporation | 46 mm | [ |
| DG | 2025 | Novel Crystal Technology, Inc. | 95 mm | [ |
生长 方法 | 坩埚材料 | 目前最大尺寸 | 可长晶面 | 优点 | 缺点 | 商业化前景 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 助熔法 | 铂金属 | 毫米级 | 设备简单,温度较低 | 尺寸小,生长速度慢,助熔剂难以去除 | 适用于实验室研究,商业化应用有限 | |
| 焰熔法 | 无坩埚 | 十毫米级 | (010) | 生长速度较快 | 质量一般,难以生长大尺寸晶体 | 应用少,基本无商业化前景 |
| 气相法 | 反应室 | 毫米级 | 质量较高 | 尺寸小,生长速度慢 | 适用于生长较薄厚度的晶体,商业化应用困难 | |
| 浮区法 | 无坩埚 | 2英寸 | (010) (100) | 无需坩埚,避免了坩埚污染 | 难以生长大尺寸晶体 | 在中小尺寸晶体生产中有一定应用前景 |
| 提拉法 | 铱金属 | 2英寸 | (010) | 可生长大尺寸晶体,晶体质量较高 | 导电掺杂时会有螺旋生长的问题,对气氛控制要求严格 | 半绝缘或绝缘性晶体具有一定的商业价值 |
| 导模法 | 铱金属 | 6英寸 | (100) (001) | 可生长特定形状的晶体,晶体质量较高 | 设备复杂,成本高,对气氛控制要求严格 | 在特定形状的晶体生产中具有优势 |
| 下降法 | 铂铑合金 | 12英寸 | 均可 | 可生长不同晶面的晶体,晶体质量较高 | 质量受温度梯度影响较大,存在坩埚污染 | 商业化应用潜力大 |
| 铸造法 | 铱金属 | 8英寸 | (100) | 无需籽晶,成本相对较低,晶体质量较高 | 技术较新,晶面单一 | 具有一定的商业化前景 |
| 冷埚法 | 氧化镓 | 4英寸 | (010) | 降低成本,无坩埚的污染 | 技术难度较大,设备复杂 | 半绝缘或绝缘性晶体具有一定的商业价值 |
| 液滴法 | 无坩埚 | 4英寸 | 成本低,无坩埚污染 | 工艺控制难度大,对设备自动化程度和监测精度要求高 | 随着设备及技术成熟,有望实现大规模商业化 |
Table 3 Comparison of gallium oxide single crystal growth methods
生长 方法 | 坩埚材料 | 目前最大尺寸 | 可长晶面 | 优点 | 缺点 | 商业化前景 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 助熔法 | 铂金属 | 毫米级 | 设备简单,温度较低 | 尺寸小,生长速度慢,助熔剂难以去除 | 适用于实验室研究,商业化应用有限 | |
| 焰熔法 | 无坩埚 | 十毫米级 | (010) | 生长速度较快 | 质量一般,难以生长大尺寸晶体 | 应用少,基本无商业化前景 |
| 气相法 | 反应室 | 毫米级 | 质量较高 | 尺寸小,生长速度慢 | 适用于生长较薄厚度的晶体,商业化应用困难 | |
| 浮区法 | 无坩埚 | 2英寸 | (010) (100) | 无需坩埚,避免了坩埚污染 | 难以生长大尺寸晶体 | 在中小尺寸晶体生产中有一定应用前景 |
| 提拉法 | 铱金属 | 2英寸 | (010) | 可生长大尺寸晶体,晶体质量较高 | 导电掺杂时会有螺旋生长的问题,对气氛控制要求严格 | 半绝缘或绝缘性晶体具有一定的商业价值 |
| 导模法 | 铱金属 | 6英寸 | (100) (001) | 可生长特定形状的晶体,晶体质量较高 | 设备复杂,成本高,对气氛控制要求严格 | 在特定形状的晶体生产中具有优势 |
| 下降法 | 铂铑合金 | 12英寸 | 均可 | 可生长不同晶面的晶体,晶体质量较高 | 质量受温度梯度影响较大,存在坩埚污染 | 商业化应用潜力大 |
| 铸造法 | 铱金属 | 8英寸 | (100) | 无需籽晶,成本相对较低,晶体质量较高 | 技术较新,晶面单一 | 具有一定的商业化前景 |
| 冷埚法 | 氧化镓 | 4英寸 | (010) | 降低成本,无坩埚的污染 | 技术难度较大,设备复杂 | 半绝缘或绝缘性晶体具有一定的商业价值 |
| 液滴法 | 无坩埚 | 4英寸 | 成本低,无坩埚污染 | 工艺控制难度大,对设备自动化程度和监测精度要求高 | 随着设备及技术成熟,有望实现大规模商业化 |
| Doping element | Ionic valence | Ion radius/pm (hexacoordinated) | Ga3+ radius difference/% | Solid solubility | Formation energy/eV | Effective segregation coefficient | Dopant | Doping concentration/% (molar fraction) | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mg | Mg2+ | 57 | -8.1 | High | 3.0~4.5 | 0.3~0.5 | MgO | 0.1~0.2 | [ |
| Cr | Cr3+ | 61.5 | -0.8 | High | 2.5~3.5 | 0.2~0.4 | Cr2O3 | 0.04~1 | [ |
| Fe | Fe3+ | 64.5 | 4.0 | High | 2.0~3.0 | 0.15~0.3 | Fe2O3 | 0.001~0.3 | [ |
| Al | Al3+ | 54 | -12.9 | Moderate | 3.5~4.5 | 0.4~0.6 | Al2O3 | 0.07~5 | [ |
| In | In3+ | 80 | 29.0 | Low | 4.0~5.0 | 0.05~0.1 | In2O3 | 9~15 | [ |
| Ti | Ti4+ | 61 | -1.6 | High | 3.0~4.0 | 0.25~0.45 | Ti2O3 TiO2 | 0.034~0.1 | [ |
| Ge | Ge4+ | 53 | -14.5 | Moderate | 5.0~6.0 | 0.3~0.5 | GeO2 | 1~30 | [ |
| Sn | Sn4+ | 55 | -11.3 | Moderate | 4.5~5.5 | 0.1~0.3 | SnO2 | 0.05~10 | [ |
| Si | Si4+ | 40 | -35.5 | Low | 6.64 | 0.2~0.5 | SiO2 | 0.000 1~0.2 | [ |
| Nb | Nb5+ | 64 | 3.2 | High | 2.5~3.5 | 0.2~0.4 | Nb2O5 | 0.000 1~0.8 | [ |
| Sb | Sb⁵⁺ | 60 | -3.2 | High | 2.0~3.0 | 0.15~0.35 | Sb2O5 | 0.000 001~1 | [ |
| Ta | Ta⁵⁺ | 64 | 3.2 | High | 2.2~3.2 | 0.18~0.38 | Ta2O5 | 0.000 1~1 | [ |
Table 4 Ion radii, formation energies, and segregation coefficients of doping elements in gallium oxide crystals
| Doping element | Ionic valence | Ion radius/pm (hexacoordinated) | Ga3+ radius difference/% | Solid solubility | Formation energy/eV | Effective segregation coefficient | Dopant | Doping concentration/% (molar fraction) | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mg | Mg2+ | 57 | -8.1 | High | 3.0~4.5 | 0.3~0.5 | MgO | 0.1~0.2 | [ |
| Cr | Cr3+ | 61.5 | -0.8 | High | 2.5~3.5 | 0.2~0.4 | Cr2O3 | 0.04~1 | [ |
| Fe | Fe3+ | 64.5 | 4.0 | High | 2.0~3.0 | 0.15~0.3 | Fe2O3 | 0.001~0.3 | [ |
| Al | Al3+ | 54 | -12.9 | Moderate | 3.5~4.5 | 0.4~0.6 | Al2O3 | 0.07~5 | [ |
| In | In3+ | 80 | 29.0 | Low | 4.0~5.0 | 0.05~0.1 | In2O3 | 9~15 | [ |
| Ti | Ti4+ | 61 | -1.6 | High | 3.0~4.0 | 0.25~0.45 | Ti2O3 TiO2 | 0.034~0.1 | [ |
| Ge | Ge4+ | 53 | -14.5 | Moderate | 5.0~6.0 | 0.3~0.5 | GeO2 | 1~30 | [ |
| Sn | Sn4+ | 55 | -11.3 | Moderate | 4.5~5.5 | 0.1~0.3 | SnO2 | 0.05~10 | [ |
| Si | Si4+ | 40 | -35.5 | Low | 6.64 | 0.2~0.5 | SiO2 | 0.000 1~0.2 | [ |
| Nb | Nb5+ | 64 | 3.2 | High | 2.5~3.5 | 0.2~0.4 | Nb2O5 | 0.000 1~0.8 | [ |
| Sb | Sb⁵⁺ | 60 | -3.2 | High | 2.0~3.0 | 0.15~0.35 | Sb2O5 | 0.000 001~1 | [ |
| Ta | Ta⁵⁺ | 64 | 3.2 | High | 2.2~3.2 | 0.18~0.38 | Ta2O5 | 0.000 1~1 | [ |
| Growth method | Raw material (purity) | Mixing method | Press forming process | Atmosphere control | Sintering schedule | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| FZ | Ga2O3 | Cold pressing | Air | 1 450 ℃, 10 h | [ | |
Ga2O3(4N) GeO2(4N) TiO2(4N) | Mixing | Pressing | Air | 1 500 ℃, 10~20 h | [ | |
Ga2O3(5N) SnO2(5N) | Mixing | Cold pressing at 70 MPa | Air | 1 500 ℃, 10 h | [ | |
Ga2O3(4N) SnO2(4N) | Mixing | Cold pressing at 80 MPa | Air | 1 500 ℃, 10 h | [ | |
Ga2O3(6N) Nb2O5(4N) | Wet ball milling for 12~24 h | Cold pressing | Air | 1 400~1 600 ℃, 10~20 h | [ | |
| CZ | Ga2O3(5N) CuO(2N) | Stirring at 50 r/min for 18 h | Cold pressing at 140 MPa | Air | 1 500 ℃, 15 h | [ |
| EFG | Ga2O3 | Isostatic pressing | Air | 1 100~1 300 ℃, 10 h | [ | |
Ga2O3(5N) Ti2O3(5N) TiO2(5N) | Mixing | Press after vacuum drying for 2~5 h | 1 350~1 400 ℃, 30~50 h | [ | ||
| VB | Ga2O3(5N) | Pressing | O2 | 1 200~1 250 ℃, 16~20 h | [ | |
Ga2O3(5N) SnO2(4N) | Ball milling for 24 h | Air | 1 500 ℃, 5 h | [ | ||
| CM | Ga2O3(5N) | Pressing at 20 MPa | 1 200 ℃, 10 h | [ | ||
Ga2O3(5N) MgO(4N) | Mixing | Pressing | Air | 1 200~1 300 ℃, 10 h | [ | |
| OCCC | Ga2O3(6N) | Pressing | 360 ℃, 60~120 min+1 500~1 650 ℃, 100~600 min+800 ℃, 30~60 min | [ |
Table 5 Raw material, mixing methods, pressing processes, and sintering regimes under different growth methods of gallium oxide
| Growth method | Raw material (purity) | Mixing method | Press forming process | Atmosphere control | Sintering schedule | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| FZ | Ga2O3 | Cold pressing | Air | 1 450 ℃, 10 h | [ | |
Ga2O3(4N) GeO2(4N) TiO2(4N) | Mixing | Pressing | Air | 1 500 ℃, 10~20 h | [ | |
Ga2O3(5N) SnO2(5N) | Mixing | Cold pressing at 70 MPa | Air | 1 500 ℃, 10 h | [ | |
Ga2O3(4N) SnO2(4N) | Mixing | Cold pressing at 80 MPa | Air | 1 500 ℃, 10 h | [ | |
Ga2O3(6N) Nb2O5(4N) | Wet ball milling for 12~24 h | Cold pressing | Air | 1 400~1 600 ℃, 10~20 h | [ | |
| CZ | Ga2O3(5N) CuO(2N) | Stirring at 50 r/min for 18 h | Cold pressing at 140 MPa | Air | 1 500 ℃, 15 h | [ |
| EFG | Ga2O3 | Isostatic pressing | Air | 1 100~1 300 ℃, 10 h | [ | |
Ga2O3(5N) Ti2O3(5N) TiO2(5N) | Mixing | Press after vacuum drying for 2~5 h | 1 350~1 400 ℃, 30~50 h | [ | ||
| VB | Ga2O3(5N) | Pressing | O2 | 1 200~1 250 ℃, 16~20 h | [ | |
Ga2O3(5N) SnO2(4N) | Ball milling for 24 h | Air | 1 500 ℃, 5 h | [ | ||
| CM | Ga2O3(5N) | Pressing at 20 MPa | 1 200 ℃, 10 h | [ | ||
Ga2O3(5N) MgO(4N) | Mixing | Pressing | Air | 1 200~1 300 ℃, 10 h | [ | |
| OCCC | Ga2O3(6N) | Pressing | 360 ℃, 60~120 min+1 500~1 650 ℃, 100~600 min+800 ℃, 30~60 min | [ |
| Growth method | Atmosphere control | Gas flow rate / In-furnace gas pressure / Gas partial pressure | Single crystal quality | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| FZ | Air | Gas flow rate: 500 mL/min; 3 300 mL /min | FWHM=100″ | [ |
| O2 | [ | |||
| O2+N2 | Gas flow rate: 250 mL /min | FWHM=324″ | [ | |
| CZ | CO2 | Gas partial pressure: 100% | [ | |
| Ar+CO2 | Gas partial pressure: 90%+10%; 70%+30%; 50%+50% | [ | ||
| Ar+O2 | Gas partial pressure: 1%~35%+99%~65%; 50%+50% | FWHM=200″ | [ | |
| CO2+O2 | Gas partial pressure: 91%+9%; 98%+8% | FWHM=30~250″ | [ | |
| EFG | CO2 | In-furnace gas pressure: 0.700 MPa; 0.095~0.140 MPa; 0.080~0.160 MPa | [ | |
| Ar+CO2 | Gas partial pressure: 90%+10%; 80%+20%; 50%+50% In-furnace gas pressure: 1.05~1.50 MPa | FWHM=43″ | [ | |
| Ar+O2 | Gas partial pressure: 99%~95%+1%~5% | [ | ||
| CO2+O2 | Gas partial pressure: 99%+1% | [ | ||
| N2+O2 | Gas partial pressure: 98%+2% | [ | ||
| VB | Air | In-furnace gas pressure: 0.1 MPa | FWHM=20″ | [ |
| O2 | In-furnace gas pressure: 0.1~0.4 MPa; 1.5~1.6 MPa | FWHM=50″ | [ | |
| CO2 | In-furnace gas pressure: 0.10~0.12 MPa; 1.02~1.06 MPa(Flow rate: 300~500 mL /min) | [ | ||
| O2+Inert gas | Gas partial pressure: 99%~95%+1%~5% | FWHM=49.1″~60.3″ | [ | |
| CM | CO2 | In-furnace gas pressure: 0.1 MPa | [ | |
| Inert gas+O2 | Gas partial pressure: 98%~90%+2%~10% | FWHM≤150″ | [ | |
| CO2+O2 | Gas partial pressure: 98%+2% | FWHM=22″~44″ | [ | |
| OCCC | Air/Oxygen-rich environment | In-furnace gas pressure: 0.1 MPa | [ |
Table 6 Control of atmosphere for gallium oxide single crystal growth
| Growth method | Atmosphere control | Gas flow rate / In-furnace gas pressure / Gas partial pressure | Single crystal quality | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| FZ | Air | Gas flow rate: 500 mL/min; 3 300 mL /min | FWHM=100″ | [ |
| O2 | [ | |||
| O2+N2 | Gas flow rate: 250 mL /min | FWHM=324″ | [ | |
| CZ | CO2 | Gas partial pressure: 100% | [ | |
| Ar+CO2 | Gas partial pressure: 90%+10%; 70%+30%; 50%+50% | [ | ||
| Ar+O2 | Gas partial pressure: 1%~35%+99%~65%; 50%+50% | FWHM=200″ | [ | |
| CO2+O2 | Gas partial pressure: 91%+9%; 98%+8% | FWHM=30~250″ | [ | |
| EFG | CO2 | In-furnace gas pressure: 0.700 MPa; 0.095~0.140 MPa; 0.080~0.160 MPa | [ | |
| Ar+CO2 | Gas partial pressure: 90%+10%; 80%+20%; 50%+50% In-furnace gas pressure: 1.05~1.50 MPa | FWHM=43″ | [ | |
| Ar+O2 | Gas partial pressure: 99%~95%+1%~5% | [ | ||
| CO2+O2 | Gas partial pressure: 99%+1% | [ | ||
| N2+O2 | Gas partial pressure: 98%+2% | [ | ||
| VB | Air | In-furnace gas pressure: 0.1 MPa | FWHM=20″ | [ |
| O2 | In-furnace gas pressure: 0.1~0.4 MPa; 1.5~1.6 MPa | FWHM=50″ | [ | |
| CO2 | In-furnace gas pressure: 0.10~0.12 MPa; 1.02~1.06 MPa(Flow rate: 300~500 mL /min) | [ | ||
| O2+Inert gas | Gas partial pressure: 99%~95%+1%~5% | FWHM=49.1″~60.3″ | [ | |
| CM | CO2 | In-furnace gas pressure: 0.1 MPa | [ | |
| Inert gas+O2 | Gas partial pressure: 98%~90%+2%~10% | FWHM≤150″ | [ | |
| CO2+O2 | Gas partial pressure: 98%+2% | FWHM=22″~44″ | [ | |
| OCCC | Air/Oxygen-rich environment | In-furnace gas pressure: 0.1 MPa | [ |
| 生长方法 | 加热方式 | 加热工艺 | 冷却工艺/温度梯度 | 参考文献 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 提拉法 | 感应加热 | 1 800 ℃; 1 820 ℃; 1 830 °C | 降温时间2~4 h | [ |
| 1 750~1 850 ℃, 1~3 h | 降温速率300~900 ℃/h | [ | ||
| 高于熔点10 ℃保温1 h,然后降温至熔点保温1 h | 以40 W/h功率降至室温 | [ | ||
| 加热速率300 ℃/h,熔化后保温1 h | 降温速率100 ℃/h | [ | ||
| 导模法 | 感应加热钨发热装置 | 熔化后升温10~20 ℃保温2~3 h | 降温速率20~30 ℃/h | [ |
| 感应加热铂铑发热装置 | 熔化后保温0.5~2 h,继续升温20~50 ℃保温15 min | 放肩生长阶段降温速率10~25 ℃/h 等径生长阶段降温速率5~10 ℃/h | [ | |
| 感应加热 | 熔化后升温10~30 ℃保温1~2 h,再降温至熔化温度保温1~2 h | 降温速率10~50℃/h | [ | |
| 200~500 ℃/h升温熔化保温2 h | 降温速率200~500 ℃/h | [ | ||
| 1 806 ℃ | 降温速率10 ℃/h | [ | ||
| 以加热功率为1 000 W/h升温熔化 | 降温功率1 000~1 500 W/h | [ | ||
| 1 800 ℃ | 降温速率100 ℃/h | [ | ||
| 高于熔点3~10 ℃保温0.3~1 h | 降温速率30~300 ℃/h | [ | ||
| 熔化后升温20~30 ℃保温1.5~2.5 h,再降温至熔化温度 | 降温速率15~25 ℃/h | [ | ||
| 高于熔点5~15 ℃保温0.8~1.5 h | 降温速率100~800 ℃/h | [ | ||
| 以200~600 ℃/h的速率升温至1 800~1 850 ℃保温2~6 h | 降温速率200~500 ℃/h | [ | ||
| 高于熔点10~30 ℃ | 降温速率30~50 ℃/h | [ | ||
| 下降法 | 感应加热 | 1 789~1 793 ℃ | [ | |
| 1 800 ℃ | 温度梯度5~10 ℃/cm | [ | ||
| 以2~4 ℃/min的速率升温至1 810~1 820 ℃保温2~3 h | [ | |||
| 1 750~1 780 ℃ | 降温速率3~5 ℃/h | [ | ||
| 电阻加热 | 熔化后保温1 h | 降温速率22.5 ℃/h | [ | |
| 1 795 ℃ | 温度梯度1~10 ℃/cm | [ | ||
| 铸造法 | 感应加热 | 以100~200 ℃/h速率升温比熔点高5~100 ℃,保持0.5~2 h;然后降温至熔点,保温0.5~1 h | 降温速率10~100 ℃/h | [ |
| 500 W/h升温至高于熔点10 ℃保温2 h,降温至熔点保温2~4 h | 40 W/h速率缓慢降温至1 400 ℃,低于1 000 ℃时以250 W/h速率降温 | [ | ||
| 熔化后升高5~10 ℃保温1 h后降温到熔点保温0.5 h | [ | |||
| 1 800 ℃保温8~10 h | 冷却时间12~18 h | [ | ||
| 以150~250 ℃/h的升温速率加热约1 800 ℃保温3 h | 冷却时间12 h | [ |
Table 7 Heating and cooling process for gallium oxide single crystal growth
| 生长方法 | 加热方式 | 加热工艺 | 冷却工艺/温度梯度 | 参考文献 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 提拉法 | 感应加热 | 1 800 ℃; 1 820 ℃; 1 830 °C | 降温时间2~4 h | [ |
| 1 750~1 850 ℃, 1~3 h | 降温速率300~900 ℃/h | [ | ||
| 高于熔点10 ℃保温1 h,然后降温至熔点保温1 h | 以40 W/h功率降至室温 | [ | ||
| 加热速率300 ℃/h,熔化后保温1 h | 降温速率100 ℃/h | [ | ||
| 导模法 | 感应加热钨发热装置 | 熔化后升温10~20 ℃保温2~3 h | 降温速率20~30 ℃/h | [ |
| 感应加热铂铑发热装置 | 熔化后保温0.5~2 h,继续升温20~50 ℃保温15 min | 放肩生长阶段降温速率10~25 ℃/h 等径生长阶段降温速率5~10 ℃/h | [ | |
| 感应加热 | 熔化后升温10~30 ℃保温1~2 h,再降温至熔化温度保温1~2 h | 降温速率10~50℃/h | [ | |
| 200~500 ℃/h升温熔化保温2 h | 降温速率200~500 ℃/h | [ | ||
| 1 806 ℃ | 降温速率10 ℃/h | [ | ||
| 以加热功率为1 000 W/h升温熔化 | 降温功率1 000~1 500 W/h | [ | ||
| 1 800 ℃ | 降温速率100 ℃/h | [ | ||
| 高于熔点3~10 ℃保温0.3~1 h | 降温速率30~300 ℃/h | [ | ||
| 熔化后升温20~30 ℃保温1.5~2.5 h,再降温至熔化温度 | 降温速率15~25 ℃/h | [ | ||
| 高于熔点5~15 ℃保温0.8~1.5 h | 降温速率100~800 ℃/h | [ | ||
| 以200~600 ℃/h的速率升温至1 800~1 850 ℃保温2~6 h | 降温速率200~500 ℃/h | [ | ||
| 高于熔点10~30 ℃ | 降温速率30~50 ℃/h | [ | ||
| 下降法 | 感应加热 | 1 789~1 793 ℃ | [ | |
| 1 800 ℃ | 温度梯度5~10 ℃/cm | [ | ||
| 以2~4 ℃/min的速率升温至1 810~1 820 ℃保温2~3 h | [ | |||
| 1 750~1 780 ℃ | 降温速率3~5 ℃/h | [ | ||
| 电阻加热 | 熔化后保温1 h | 降温速率22.5 ℃/h | [ | |
| 1 795 ℃ | 温度梯度1~10 ℃/cm | [ | ||
| 铸造法 | 感应加热 | 以100~200 ℃/h速率升温比熔点高5~100 ℃,保持0.5~2 h;然后降温至熔点,保温0.5~1 h | 降温速率10~100 ℃/h | [ |
| 500 W/h升温至高于熔点10 ℃保温2 h,降温至熔点保温2~4 h | 40 W/h速率缓慢降温至1 400 ℃,低于1 000 ℃时以250 W/h速率降温 | [ | ||
| 熔化后升高5~10 ℃保温1 h后降温到熔点保温0.5 h | [ | |||
| 1 800 ℃保温8~10 h | 冷却时间12~18 h | [ | ||
| 以150~250 ℃/h的升温速率加热约1 800 ℃保温3 h | 冷却时间12 h | [ |
| Growth method | Growth rate/(mm·h-1) | Rotation rate/(r·min-1) | FWHM/(″) | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| FZ | 1~5 | [ | ||
| 2~6 | 5~15 | [ | ||
| 2.5 | 15 | 44 | [ | |
| 4.5~6.0 | 8~12 | [ | ||
| 5~10 | 10~15 | 100, 194 | [ | |
| 7.5~15.0 | 20 | [ | ||
| 10~15 | 43 | [ | ||
| CZ | 1 | 5 | [ | |
| 1~2 | 4~10 | 50 | [ | |
| 1~2 | 5~12 | [ | ||
| 1.25~1.50 | 6~9 | [ | ||
| 1.5 | 9 | [ | ||
| 2 | 2 | [ | ||
| 2 | 15 | [ | ||
| 2.25 | 2 | 50~250 | [ | |
| 5 | 2 | [ | ||
| 6~12 | 5~10 | 200 | [ | |
| EFG | 1~20 | [ | ||
| 3~15 | [ | |||
| 5~10 | [ | |||
| 5~15 | [ | |||
| 5~20 | [ | |||
| 5~40 | [ | |||
| 6 | [ | |||
| 10 | 75, 160 | [ | ||
| 12 | [ | |||
| 15 | [ | |||
| 15~40 | [ | |||
| VB | 0.5 | 3 | [ | |
| 0.5~2.0 | 15~30 | 49~60 | [ | |
| 0.5~3.0 | 2~4 | [ | ||
| 1~2 | 3~5 | [ | ||
| 1~2 | 10~15 | [ | ||
| 1~5 | 3 | [ | ||
| 1~15 | 20 | [ | ||
| 3 | 2~5 | 20 | [ |
Table 8 Speed control process during gallium oxide single crystal growth
| Growth method | Growth rate/(mm·h-1) | Rotation rate/(r·min-1) | FWHM/(″) | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| FZ | 1~5 | [ | ||
| 2~6 | 5~15 | [ | ||
| 2.5 | 15 | 44 | [ | |
| 4.5~6.0 | 8~12 | [ | ||
| 5~10 | 10~15 | 100, 194 | [ | |
| 7.5~15.0 | 20 | [ | ||
| 10~15 | 43 | [ | ||
| CZ | 1 | 5 | [ | |
| 1~2 | 4~10 | 50 | [ | |
| 1~2 | 5~12 | [ | ||
| 1.25~1.50 | 6~9 | [ | ||
| 1.5 | 9 | [ | ||
| 2 | 2 | [ | ||
| 2 | 15 | [ | ||
| 2.25 | 2 | 50~250 | [ | |
| 5 | 2 | [ | ||
| 6~12 | 5~10 | 200 | [ | |
| EFG | 1~20 | [ | ||
| 3~15 | [ | |||
| 5~10 | [ | |||
| 5~15 | [ | |||
| 5~20 | [ | |||
| 5~40 | [ | |||
| 6 | [ | |||
| 10 | 75, 160 | [ | ||
| 12 | [ | |||
| 15 | [ | |||
| 15~40 | [ | |||
| VB | 0.5 | 3 | [ | |
| 0.5~2.0 | 15~30 | 49~60 | [ | |
| 0.5~3.0 | 2~4 | [ | ||
| 1~2 | 3~5 | [ | ||
| 1~2 | 10~15 | [ | ||
| 1~5 | 3 | [ | ||
| 1~15 | 20 | [ | ||
| 3 | 2~5 | 20 | [ |
| 生长方法 | 热处理气氛 | 热处理制度 | 热处理目的/效果 | 参考文献 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 浮区法 | 空气 | 1 000 ℃, 36 h | 消除氧空位影响,热处理使晶体由半导体转变为绝缘体 | [ |
| 1 000~1 200 ℃, 3~10 h | 去除晶格中的氧空位,增加载流子浓度控制范围 | [ | ||
| 提拉法 | 空气 | 800~1 000 ℃, 20~60 h | 自由电子浓度降低约一个数量级,同时晶体表面呈现绝缘特性 | [ |
| 氧气/氢气 | 900~1 400 ℃, 20 h | Mg掺杂β-Ga2O3晶体对含氧或含氢气氛的退火处理均不敏感 | [ | |
| 空气 | 1 000~1 200 ℃, 12~24 h | 消除内应力 | [ | |
| 导模法 | 氧气/氢气 | UID:800 ℃, 10 h Si掺杂:1 000 ℃, 10 h | 氧气退火后晶体载流子浓度略有降低 氢气退火对晶体载流子浓度基本无影响 | [ |
| 惰性气氛/氢气 | 900~1 350 ℃, 30~100 h | 消除内应力 | [ | |
| 空气 | 原位退火2~6 h,经20~40 h冷却 | 消除了氧化镓晶体中的多晶、挛晶、开裂、氧空位缺陷 | [ | |
| 二氧化碳 | 1 700 ℃, 4 h | 提高生长晶体的质量 | [ | |
| 下降法 | 空气 | 950~1 050 ℃, 1.5~2 h,再以1~2 ℃/min降温至300~350 ℃后自然冷却 | 消除应力 | [ |
| 1 200 ℃ | 大幅减少晶体位错 | [ | ||
| 1 500 ℃, 5 h | 消除生长过程中残留的热应力 | [ | ||
| 1 500 ℃, 10 h | 消除内应力 | [ | ||
| 铸造法 | 空气 | 1 200 ℃, 10 h | 消除生长和切圆过程中产生的残余应力 | [ |
| 1 200~1 400 ℃, 2~6 h | 去应力退火 | [ |
Table 9 Subsequent heat treatment processes corresponding to different crystal growth methods
| 生长方法 | 热处理气氛 | 热处理制度 | 热处理目的/效果 | 参考文献 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 浮区法 | 空气 | 1 000 ℃, 36 h | 消除氧空位影响,热处理使晶体由半导体转变为绝缘体 | [ |
| 1 000~1 200 ℃, 3~10 h | 去除晶格中的氧空位,增加载流子浓度控制范围 | [ | ||
| 提拉法 | 空气 | 800~1 000 ℃, 20~60 h | 自由电子浓度降低约一个数量级,同时晶体表面呈现绝缘特性 | [ |
| 氧气/氢气 | 900~1 400 ℃, 20 h | Mg掺杂β-Ga2O3晶体对含氧或含氢气氛的退火处理均不敏感 | [ | |
| 空气 | 1 000~1 200 ℃, 12~24 h | 消除内应力 | [ | |
| 导模法 | 氧气/氢气 | UID:800 ℃, 10 h Si掺杂:1 000 ℃, 10 h | 氧气退火后晶体载流子浓度略有降低 氢气退火对晶体载流子浓度基本无影响 | [ |
| 惰性气氛/氢气 | 900~1 350 ℃, 30~100 h | 消除内应力 | [ | |
| 空气 | 原位退火2~6 h,经20~40 h冷却 | 消除了氧化镓晶体中的多晶、挛晶、开裂、氧空位缺陷 | [ | |
| 二氧化碳 | 1 700 ℃, 4 h | 提高生长晶体的质量 | [ | |
| 下降法 | 空气 | 950~1 050 ℃, 1.5~2 h,再以1~2 ℃/min降温至300~350 ℃后自然冷却 | 消除应力 | [ |
| 1 200 ℃ | 大幅减少晶体位错 | [ | ||
| 1 500 ℃, 5 h | 消除生长过程中残留的热应力 | [ | ||
| 1 500 ℃, 10 h | 消除内应力 | [ | ||
| 铸造法 | 空气 | 1 200 ℃, 10 h | 消除生长和切圆过程中产生的残余应力 | [ |
| 1 200~1 400 ℃, 2~6 h | 去应力退火 | [ |
| Evaluation Indicator | FZ | CZ | EFG | VB | CM | DG |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| The upper size limit | Low ( | Low ( | Medium (Width 150 mm) | Maximum ( | High ( | Medium ( |
| FWHM | ≤50″ | ≤50″ | ≤50″ | ≤50″ | ≤50″ | |
| Doped adaptability | High | Low | High | High | High | Medium |
| Crucible dependence | High | High | Medium | High | ||
| Atmosphere control | Low | High | High | Low | High | Medium |
| Heat treatment dependence | Low | Medium | Medium | High | High | Medium |
| Carrier concentration range | High | Medium | Medium | Medium | High | Low |
| Production efficiency | High | Medium | High | Medium | Medium | Low |
| Complexity of the production equipment | Medium | High | High | Low | Low | High |
| Industrial compatibility | Low | Low | High | High | Medium | High |
Table 10 Multidimensional comparison of growth methods for gallium oxide single crystals
| Evaluation Indicator | FZ | CZ | EFG | VB | CM | DG |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| The upper size limit | Low ( | Low ( | Medium (Width 150 mm) | Maximum ( | High ( | Medium ( |
| FWHM | ≤50″ | ≤50″ | ≤50″ | ≤50″ | ≤50″ | |
| Doped adaptability | High | Low | High | High | High | Medium |
| Crucible dependence | High | High | Medium | High | ||
| Atmosphere control | Low | High | High | Low | High | Medium |
| Heat treatment dependence | Low | Medium | Medium | High | High | Medium |
| Carrier concentration range | High | Medium | Medium | Medium | High | Low |
| Production efficiency | High | Medium | High | Medium | Medium | Low |
| Complexity of the production equipment | Medium | High | High | Low | Low | High |
| Industrial compatibility | Low | Low | High | High | Medium | High |
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